International Labour Standards

foreignistic Labour Standards Module -International Perspectives on Industrial Relations QUESTION well-nigh com mentators fork out argued thatthe adoption of comprehend standards would threaten the slew prospects of growing countries. Critic exclusivelyy evaluate this claim and wrangle the policyimplications.In this essay, it is explained that ILO after its foundation following World War One aimed at protecting the primordial rights at work, creating and securing decent work opportunities for men and women, providing genial protection to all the parties come to and encourage hearty dialogue. To achieve its aim, ILO works truly hard to achieve amount trade union movement standards through its element states by giving funds and encouraging them to implement pith lying-in standards and by punishing and discouraging the sh atomic number 18 states who violate cell nucleus repel standards. It also, through its campaigns tries to link World softwood Organization with t he core toil standards to put extra pressure on the states which argon non complying with the set standards. ILO also encourages the member states that they should establish the convention as after their ratification it becomes the law of the government. ILO has been truly active in creating many conventions and they have been trying very hard to encourage countries to have declaration which constitute better policy implications to kindle core promote standards in essential and ontogeny countries. It is also explained that how issue of trade is affecting core jade standards and its effect on the situation economy and job sector by giving observational psychoanalysis of developed countries and create countries. In the case of developed nations Japan and United States were thought of. fleck doing bilateral trade agreement each unsophisticated should deference their domestic fag standards and each expanse while having trade with each other should have high labor mov ement standards. In the end, it is explained that developing countries should grant special attention to implement core dig out standards and at the same time should take abundant care while implementing them match to their current domestic or local situation.International Labour Standards and Trade ProspectsInternational labour organization was founded in 1919 after the First World War. Its main aim is to instigate working rights, fond protection, decent battle opportunities and to deal with work related issues via negotiations and dialogues. In the year 1946, the International Labour Organization became the first specialized mental representation of the UN. Today, it has 178 members in six continents. It is the entirely tripartite agency which brings together government, workers and employers to formulate and shape up the policy and programmes. There are iv main objectives which ILO is pertinacious to achieve and these are as follows To encourage standards and fundame ntal principles and rights at work To provide vast opportunities for men and women to earn live by securing decent employment To provide social protection for all parties have-to doe with Strengthen tripartism and social dialogueSource http//www.ilo.org/global/About_the_ILO/langen/index.htmThe ILO is the global body responsible for drawing up and overseeing international labour standards. In todays globalized economy, international labour standards are very strategic shaft of light in ensuring the growth of the global economy which provides benefits to all.The rules of the global economy should be aimed at improving the rights, livelihoods, security, and opportunities of people, families and communities around the world. (World focal point on the Social Dimension of Globalization, 2004)International labour standards are made with a view to stir opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work in an atmosphere of freedom, equity, security and dignity. The de velopment of the labour standards occurred without international coordination before the First World War and these agreements only concerned with the migrant people from unlike countries, although they were actually made after the formation of International Labour Organization in 1919. ILO is working very hard to implement core labour standards throughout the world. core out labour standards are those standards which are so basic and universal and can be implemented in all member states ir assessive of the economic development of member states. These core labour standards are those which are also described as ILOs four main objectives as mentioned earlier. To achieve these standards ILO held so many conventions since 2006. ILO conveyed 186 conventions and discussed various issues like women working after glowering and holiday pay etc. Member states are non required to ratify all conventions but ILO emphasizes member states for ratification of the conventions. Because after the ratification, it becomes a law even for the government who approved of it and thats why they are reluctant to ratify the law although they agree in principle with the law. In order to achieve core labour standards ILO stresses on its publications and condemns those who violate these standards. It puts pressure on the countries which ratify the conventions but are not complying with the law. It has no official authority to punish the state which violates these core labour standards but a tripartite illustration can make a complaint and ILO can only do investigation and report its findings. The mishap on part of implementation of core labour standards universally led to a suggestion that Core labour standards should be linked with WTO so that it can be used as a tool to enforce core labour standards (Brown, 2001). According to the ILO Constitution (2006c), the failure of any nation to adopt human-centred conditions of labour is an obstacle in the way of other nations which desire to improve the conditions in their own countries.ILO is having study lines in the implementation of core labour standards mostly in the developing countries as they are devoted to labour rights abuses, with minimum payoff, open to tike labour exploitation and where the core labour standards are not entirely protected. ILO is working very hard to encourage the developing countries to follow the footprints of developed nations in implementing the core labour standards. Although improvement of core labour standards is essential for the growth or prosperity of a particular country but it is also counterproductive if these core labour standards are introduced in trade agreements as the countries who have comparative emolument in labour intensifier goods would not be able to trade their goods and thitherfore its growth and social development give slow down in turn. If a country has low labour standards and by applying trade sanctions it would be inefficient as at that place would be no trade labour linkage as there is violation of core labour standards for example, child labour and forced labour occurs in small, domestic or family firms who have nothing to do with the trade as they are not exporting anything and trade labour linkage is a social clause only limited to trade-impacted products (Robert C. Shelburne, Wage Differentials, Monopsony repulse Markets, and the Trade- grasp Debate, 19 ledger of economic Integration 1 (March 2004), pp. 131-161.)On the contrary, the trade labour linkage could also be used indirectly when small firms which have nothing to do with the exports subcontracting with the exporting firms which indirectly contribute to the competitiveness of the exposed firms (Peter Morici and Evan Shulz, Labor Standards in the Global Trading System) (Washington, D. C. Economic Strategy Institute, 2001).Violation of core labour standards can affect trade flows in two slipway firstly, by decreasing wages competitiveness is reduced and secondl y, child and forced labour go forth trace to an increase in unskillful labour but it can give developing countries comparative advantage in labour intensive goods and thus increase or boost exports.In 1947, Havana pursue was laid down as a link between international trade and labour standards. The tendency of this charter is that all member states should recognize the importance of core labour standards related to their productivity and conjure labour standards within its territory. Due to failure of its ratification from the member states the International trade organization had not been created instead General agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) was used as a flip-flop (GATT Article XX (e)). When World trade organization was only two years old, Singapore ministerial declaration was adopted on 13 December, 1996 and due to absence of consensus again labour trade linkage was denied. Hence, ILO was the only body or organization to tackle labour standards. The difference betwee n Havana look at and Singapore declaration is that in Havana Charter they recognize that trade disputes are caused due to labour standards in different member states whereas in Singapore Declaration trade related labour standards should be adopted but it should be counterproductive as it prevents trade and distorts comparative advantage for labour intensive developing countries. After the Singapore declaration, ILO set up a world commission on the social dimension of globalization (the terminal report A fair globalization Creating opportunities for all) (Geneva ILO, February 2004).Trade theorists have invariably argued that growth of trade between developed and developing nations will lead to job losings of inexperient labour in developed countries whereas job gains of unskilled labour in developing countries but the problem is that the job gains of unskilled labour in developing countries is quite high as compared to job losses of unskilled workers in developed nations Collins , (1998) Machin and Van Reenan, (1998) and Learner, (1998).Many countries while doing their bilateral trade, respect the core labour standards. In the U.S Trade Act of 2002, the 6th objective is to promote respect for workers right and the right of the children undifferentiated with core labour standards of the ILO.While engaging in the bilateral trade agreements, every nation should respect the domestic labour standards and must possess high labour standards. In case of any disputes, there is specific institution which has the power to impose sanctions in case of serious flaws in relating to labour standards (International political economy Policy Briefs PB-5 Washington D. C. Institute of International economics, April 2001).In December 1998, Mercosur countries (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay) adopted a social declaration about promotion and respect of ILO core labour standards. Similar provisions can be found in most of the new regional trade agreements. Developed coun tries also impose labour standards criteria within the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) and the World Trade Organization, Enabling Clause, which allows nonreciprocal preferences in favour of developing countries. The European Union also proposes special incentive arrangements for the protection of labour rights, which whitethorn be disposed(p) to countries whose national legislation, incorporates the rules adopted in the ILO conventions. In order to understand the trade impact of labour standards, empiric analysis of trade manufacturers between developed countries and developing countries will be used. The developed countries in this analysis are Japan and U.S and Six developing countries from Asia. The methodology consists of main items of export and import of each of the countries concerned and classified as export-oriented, import-competing, food, beverage and tobacco, petroleum and related and others and comparative analysis of changes in employment and wages in differen t categories of industries. Japan and United States are the nations which mainly export skill intensive manufacturers to the developing nations and import labour intensive producers from those nations. Employment in import-competing industries reduces due to growth in trade with the developing countries whereas employment will increase in export orientated industries. As import competing industries are more labour intensive than export-orientated industries therefore the employment of skilled worker will rise and so there wages in developed nations and demand for unskilled labour will fall as a result. Therefore, the share of import competing industries will decline in Japan and U.S whereas the export-orientated industries will either increase or remain at stagnant level. Developing countries are expected to export labour intensive manufacturers to developed countries and import skill intensive manufacturers to them. Growth of trade with developed countries should increase the labo ur intensive industries in developing countries and come the skill intensive industries in total manufacturing sector (International Labour Review, Vol.139 (2000), No.3). Therefore, the demand for unskilled labour will increase and the demand for skilled labour will fall thus decrease the wage difference between the skilled and unskilled labour will fall World stick (1997).Growth of Trade affects employment in the import-competing developed countries and in contrast it stimulates employment in all sectors of manufacturing industries in developing countries. This is because the growth of trade will give foreign exchange to developing countries which manifestly they need for their prosperity or economic growth and their income elasticity of demand for import competing is high in developing countries whereas it is low in case of developed countries (Chenery and Strout, 1966).It is presumed that rich and developed countries are more towards international labour standards than develo ping countries. The violation of core labour standards in developing countries will result in economic distortion and hence lower the national income of developing countries. These violations can be in respect of child labour, gender, racial or other discriminations which in turn risk physical integrity and health (Sandra Polanski, Trade and Labour Standards, A Strategy For Developing Countries (Carnegie endowment fund for International Peace, 2003), at ). If the developing countries trust to invest in capital accumulation they need to raise their labour standards which in turn will eradicate child labour and other discriminations which can trigger growth of the economy (the pioneer work, Robert Lucas, On the mechanics of economic development, Journal of Monetary Economics 22 (1988), pp. 3-42). Many authors have argued that higher labour standards in developing countries will increase the demand for unskilled labour as they are labour intensive and will increase the wages of form al employment, discourage foreign and domestic investment and it may become an obstacle for economic growth of a developing country (Singh. A and Zammit. A, The global labour standards controversy Critical issues for developing countries) (Geneva South Center, 2000). If the developing countries adopt higher labour standards for example, reduction of child labour then it might have a negative effect on the economy as some of developing countries people are living below the poverty line and if child labour is restricted then it might have a way to other social problems like starvation, prostitution, track labour etc. So, the developing countries must take great care while implementing policies as such sudden policies might have negative effect on the social life of people living in those countries so they must take into account the local or domestic condition into account. On the contrary, the disappearance of child labour and compulsory education in developed countries like U.S and Britain have very significant effect on their economies as restriction on child labour would increase the employment opportunities for adults and with compulsory education they can specialize in some field or sector by which they can increase their income. So, labour standards can play an important role in promoting economic growth for example, with the improvement of labour standards in developing countries like Bangladeshi garments firms, Pakistani soccer ball manufacturing and western United States African cocoa production etc, all these industries are growing. In turn they are playing an important role in the growth of their economy respectively (Kimberly Elliott and Richard B. Freeman).ConclusionThe absence of core labour standards in World Trade Organization official text other than Singapore Declaration has reinforced the ILO legitimacy. The ILO has given up a new life to fundamental conventions which are now largely ratified by member states and became a law for the count ry who ratify them. It contributes to more efficient labour market and respect the comparative advantage of the developing countries. More cooperation between ILO and WTO is needed. Core labour standards are very helpful in increasing capital accumulation which in turn increase the economic growth of developing countries and decrease the distortions and make human capital accumulation easier. The developed countries should encourage developing countries in the form of additive aid and other concessions in order to improve their labour standards and if fines or duties are imposed the gold from fines and duties must be spent on the betterment of labour standards of a particular country.The developing countries are not in a position to benefit from globalization where trade is shifting from primary commodities to manufacturers. The race in developing countries is increasing at much higher rate than developed countries thus developing countries should give special attention towards r estraining the inequality of growth between developed and developing countries and this can be achieved if they make their international policy towards the betterment of infrastructure development. The trade growth of manufacturers in developing countries has unfavorable effect on unskilled labour in developed countries. Skilled and unskilled labour in developing countries has increased their employment and wages due to growth of trade and in general growth of trade has positive and substantial effects.International labour Organization is playing an important part in strengthening labour standards in developing countries and argues that developed world which has high labour standards now had measly labour standards in the past and developing world can choose the same steps in making their standards high and ultimately boost up their economic growth .They should eradicate Child Labor, strained labor, and all other discriminations. It might take some time as they have to act accord ing to their domestic environment but slowly and surely they will reach at the point where they will have high labour standards thats why ILO proposed substantial relaxation labour standards for the developing world.References* Clotilde GrangerJean-Marc Siron.(2006), Core Labor Standards in Trade Agreements From Multilateralism to Bilateralism.Journal of World Trade,40(5),813-836. Retrieved December 1, 2009* GATT Article XX (e).* http//www.ilo.org/global* International Economics Policy Briefs PB-5 (Washington D. C. Institute of International Economics, April 2001).* International Labour Review, Vol.139 (2000), No.3 Joshua C. Hall Peter T. Leeson, Good for the Goose, big(p) for the Gander International Labor Standards and Comparative Development J Labor Res (2007) 28658-676* Peter Morici and Evan Shulz, Labor Standards in the Global Trading System (Washington, D. C. Economic Strategy Institute, 2001)* Robert C. Shelburne, Wage Differentials, Monopsony Labor Markets, and the Trade- Labor Debate, 19 Journal of Economic Integration 1 March 2004), pp. 131-161.* Sandra Polanski, Trade and Labor Standards, A Strategy for Developing Countries (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003), at www.ceip.org/pubs* Singh. A and Zammit. A, The global labor standards controversy Critical issues for developing countries (Geneva South Center, 2000)* The final report A fair globalization Creating opportunities for all, (Geneva ILO, February 2004).

Nightmare Before Christmas | Analysis

incubus Before Christmas AnalysisTim Burton rings in my ears as angiotensin converting enzyme of Hollywoods most eccentric directors. There is a distinct and unique phenomenon in his films the music genre of his most films are betwixt animation films and real person films his animation films overturn the field of traditional fairy tales, showing the darkness of horror, provided did not cash in adepts chips us the feel of fear. Nightmare before Christmas, which reflects his typical paradigm, is a fantasy mixed of horror, magic, darkness, holidays, the jolly guys, and an interest skeleton.The features of Nightmare before Christmas f al unitary in a similarity with Bakhtins theory of carnivalesque. In Bakhtins view, e genuinelyone lives a carnivalistic life as long as those carnival laws. His feel of carnival is full of grotesque realism, which evict get still of the horrable things in the world. And the grotesque style quarter too turn the world into a bright and well-p rovided one. (Bakhtin,1989). There is everlastingly a feel of carnival surrounded in Nightmare before Christmas. Because of the feel, listening can get away from the fear successfully.On the other hand, Bakhtin believes that carnivalistic life is a life drafts hu soldieryship out of its usual rut it is to some extent life turned in stance out, the set aside side of the world.( Bakhtin,1989) Similarly, Burton sets two worlds to make out a comparision the human world and underground world the grotesque world of Halloween and the joyful world of Christmas. The confrontation of the two worlds represents Burtons inclination. The happy world is boring while the eerie wolrd is vivid and interesting. In my Nightmare before Christmas lingers on the edge of conventional culture and popular culture, it challenges the conventional culture and queries on the popular culture. So Burton makes an utmost effort to prove the rationality of his subversion in this film.It receives delight in tal king about Burtons Gothic darkness of horror. The story happens in the world of ghosts and monsters where we are totally un familiar. The vampire bats, red eye demon , black monsters and even the wretched green, these gothic images are everywhere in the film. They stand in stark contrast to the simplicity of traditional animation films. However, the audience feel more than closer to them and come to realize their subsistence status trenchantly.The American animation films have a heroism complex, hardly Burton deconstructs our expectation of the traditional hero. In Nightmare before Christmas, the character Jack is frightful and he has no mission to save the world. Other character is treated equally, eg. the pet comes along with Jack is soul of a dog instead of a brilliant white horse. More primary(prenominal)ly, Burton wants to create a balance between creepy and interesting. So he defends life to the grotesquery Jack who literally is virtuous. He demonstrates the characters in dividual emotions and action at law which has no relationship with hero. Specificly, the modeling of Jacks eyes are expert two black holes which intelligent reserve expression to the meaning of the character.Lets turn to the other film No Country for Old handsIn this film No Country for Old Men the genre pushes the envelope of sanity. It is an unconventional westerly film, mixed with action, crime drama and dark humor. The McCarthys novel No Country for Old Men is an model vehicle for the Coen brothers, who have used violence and emptiness laced with dark humor as an esthetical aesthetic in their directing careers.The films greatest achievement is its ability to transport the audience into a world where the foreordination, death, fears, choices, morals and realities of life are strikingly brought to life and make the audience reflect upon and look support with careful consideration after the whole experience. The violence and bleakness of it all is not to simply provoke r eaction or engage the audience, it is to tell a story and impart an experience of great intention, to which the Coens have brilliantly succeeded.To some extent, this film is a character study of Sheriff Bell, an honest lawman who is wise, observant, grounded in reality, and has a long memory. No Country for Old Men is really his story. And also, The Coen brothers direction of the contingently intense chase scenes between Chigurgh and Moss are masterful, evoking emotions of suspense to the highest level and pushing the audience to the very edge of their seats.At the equivalent time the movie is a character study on the effects of evil and innocence lost, an geographic expedition on the themes of fate and chance, an analysis of the freedom to choose and its consequences, a reflection on evil and good as forces of society and the investigation of basic human emotions such as hope, fear, love, violence and aspiration in the face of a variety of situations.The ending of the film is a bout death. Faced with the overwhelming fact of death, all of us humans find meaning only by making up their own spectral codes. The murderers code, the good experient boys code, the sheriffs code, the wifes codethey are all equally meaningless, equally inadequate in the face of death, but they are all perfectly legitimate responses to the fact of universal death. The film is also about predestination and free will, Chigurgh doesnt believe in free will, I got here the equal way the coin did , he is almost like a robot , and scientifically he is totally right we dont have free will , Chigurgh is not guilty , he just has killer genes and his mother didnt hug him so thats why he turned out to be this way, there are no choices in matter , just cause and effect , only quantum psychics can show some difference.In conclusion, Film genres can take culture as very important elements into consideration. And also, we can characterize a culture by its genre set. Obviously through the film re view, we can see that genre can function as a tool to define and specify a culture.Heroes and Villains Historical AnalysisHeroes and Villains Historical AnalysisHeroes, Villains or some(prenominal)? Austin RappelWhat I found most interesting in this weeks readings was the myths behind the men special(prenominal)ally Ulysses S. Grant, general in chief of the joined States Army, William T. Sherman, general in The United States Army and Abraham capital of Nebraska, president of the United States. Grant was considered a drunk, Whatever happened, the story of his drinking became a staple of gossip in the old army. (McPherson, pg.114) Sherman was considered crazy But Sherman could never entirely escape the reputation of madness (McPherson, pg 114) Lincoln was considered passive a basic trait of character evident throughout Lincolns life the necessary passivity of his nature. (McPherson, pg. 206) I ideate it is important to determine if these things were true or if there is overflow ing evidence to ever know for reliable the mindset or character of the men that are know to us as the men that delimitate and ultimately were the victors of the Civil War.Grant quickly rose through the ranks during the Civil War command of a brigade, a division, an army (Army of Tennessee), an army group, an all of the armies of the United States. (McPherson, pg 110) These accomplishments are a big contrast to what one could consider could be an accomplished by a drunkard. Brooks Simpson , a biographer concluded, Although Grant sometimes took a drink during the war, and may on occasion have taken two, his colleagues who knew him best and were in the best coif to observe him were unanimous in their testimony that he was rarely if ever drunk. (McPherson, pg. 114) Grant was also minded(p) the reputation as a butcher when the general most deserving of the title was Robert E. Lee. (McPherson, pg 113)Sherman is best known for his March to the Sea a march of over 700 miles, in which p sychological warfare was used in order to stop the war. As tell in McPherson, The terror that his soldiers provoked among Southern whites was a power, he wrote, and I intended to utilize it to humble their pride, to follow them to their inmost recesses, and to make them fear and dread us We cannot change the hearts and minds of those people of the South, but we can make war so terrible and make them so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it.(McPherson, pg. 124) As stated in the article by Matt Carr, General Shermans March to the Sea, Shermans plan was to attack the infrastructure of the southwestern and therefore end the war After more than cardinal years of violent and seemingly acolloidal mousseess conflict, Sherman had decided to take the conflict beyond the battlefield and subject Georgia to a level of bareness that would make its population realise that war and ruin are synonymous terms. (pg. 30) Its hard to imagine that these st rategies were those of a crazy man.Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States and the author of many documents most notably the Emancipation resolve was seen at least by one biographer, David Herbert Donald, to be passive. However, as stated in McPherson, at the very outset of his presidency Lincoln demonstrated traits that were the opposite of what Donald calls his essentially passive personality. (McPherson, pg. 207) Its hard to believe that the man that set into motion the Civil War and wrote one of our most historical documents has a passive personality. maybe the passivity noted by some is more a compassion than anything else. As stated in, Lincolns Legacy, Lincoln Lives Through His Words by Gail Fineberg, Lincolns first draft of the Emancipation Proclamation, which he presented to his cabinet on July 22, 1862. cipher liked it Sellers said. Lincoln came back to his cabinet with a second draft in September, and admonished members to comment not on substance but on his s tyle. (pg 38) The quote goes without saying to the mindset of a determined man more so to the mindset of a passive man.Although it may never be known the actual character of Grant, Sherman orLincoln, it will be leftfield up to the readers and historians perceptions of whether are not these men were heroes, villains or maybe a little of both during and after the Civil War. It goes without saying that these men, provided viewed, will always be remembered for the mark they left on the Civil War and wars to come.Polymerase filament Reaction (PCR) Optimization ParametersPolymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Optimization ParametersIGHODARO OGHOGHO UYIOSAPolymerase chain reaction (PCR) Evaluation of different optimization parameters for appropriate PCR process.AbstractPCR is a dodge used to produce relatively large steps of a specific deoxyribonucleic acid sequence. The intersectionivity of PCR method depends on different reaction conditions such as the soaking up of the desoxyribonuclei c acid scout, concentration of magnesium ions, deoxyribonucleic acid guidebook dilution and polymerase concentration. The aim of this study was to find optimal reaction conditions required for appropriate PCR process. To check the elucidate conditions the agarose colloidal mousse and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used. One one, strong amplified band and no panoptic product describe the most sufficient amount of given conditions. In the results of this experiment, the most suitable anneal temperature was 62oC, the most prim amount of concentration of magnesium was 2nMol, and the best template dilution was 2l. The important parameters evaluated in this experiment were template optimisation, annealing temperatures and magnesium chloride concentrations with and without touchdown PCR. IntroductionPCR is a simple, enzymatic assay, which allows for the addition of a specific DNA disassemble from a complex pool of DNA. PCR can be done using source DNA from a variety of tissues and organisms, including peripheral blood, skin, hair, saliva, and microbes. Only trace amounts of DNA are needed for PCR to generate enough copies to be analysed using conventional science laboratory methods. For this reason, PCR is a sensitive assay (Lilit andNidhi 2013).To carry out a PCR it is essential to have the following reagents DNA template, forward and reverse primers, PCR buffer, magnesium chloride (MgCl2), dNTP and DNA Taq polymerase.The annealing temperature allows for the annealing of the primers to the iodin stranded DNA. It depends on the length and composition of the primers. If the temperature is too high, indeed the primers will not anneal correctly, and if the annealing temperature is too low then the primers will anneal non-specifically (Hecker et al. 1996).Magnesium ions interact with the DNA polymerase enzyme during this process. The magnesium ion interacts with negatively charged molecules in the reaction. Positive ions of magnesium interact with the negatively charged DNA strands to mask the forces of incompatibility (Markoulatos et al. 2002).Template DNA is a fragment of DNA which is needed to create required copies.DNA Taq polymerase is a polymerase enzyme, which is essential for DNA replication, this means that DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA molecules from their nucleotide building blocks (Huang et al. 1992). The nucleotides include the four bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and chiliad (A, T, C, G) that are found in DNA. These act as the building blocks that are used by the DNA polymerase to create the resultant PCR product.During this experiment, two methods were used to visualise the PCR products organise. These were Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and Agarose gel electrophoresis method. ionophoresis is a insularity procedure which is based on the separation of DNA fragments by size, shape and charge. The pool stick of this process is the mobility of ions in an electric field (nucleoid acids, which a re negatively charged migrate to the anode positive electrode) (Stellwagen, 1998). shoot forThe aim of this experiment was to assess which parameters as annealing temperature, concentration of magnesium, and template DNA sour DNA amplification efficiency and specificity.2.0Materials and methodsThis section was divided into two parts. In part A, a PCR reaction 1 set-up using optimized PCR mastermix was done, while in part B, a PCR reaction was set-up to test four different variables to optimise a PCR reaction.2.1 post ASetting up the PCR reactionA mastermix enough for four reactions was made. 30l of H2O, 50l of 2X PCR mastermix and 4l each(prenominal) of forward and reverse primers were pipetted and mixed in an Eppendorf tubing from which, 24l of the mastermix was pipetted into three separate PCR tubes (i.e. tube 1, 2, and 3). 1l of sample DNA, 1l of 1/10 diluted DNA and 1l of H2O were added to each tubes singly and each amplified on a PCR block running the following programmeDe naturing step done at 94oC for two transactionsAmplification step done at 94oC for 30 seconds, 55oC for 30 seconds and 72oC for 1 minute. This step was recurrent for 35 cycles.Finally, the extension step was done at 72oC for 3 minutes.Agarose gel electrophoresis (2% agarose gel for PCR)An agarose gel was submerged in a gel tank filled with TBE buffer. Then 5l of gel loading buffer was added to each sample and mixed. Next, the first well was sloshed with the molecular(a) pack marker and then 10l of each sample was loaded into each respective wells. Next, the gel was run for 45 minutes at 80V.Finally, the gel was visualised on the gel documentation system to show separation and migration of the DNA.2.2Part BPCR optimisation reactionFor this protocol, PCR reactions were set up and individual components of the reactions were alter in other to optimise them as followsAnnealing temperature optimisation 17.75l of water, 2.5l of 10x reaction buffer, 0.75l of Magnesium Chloride (50mMol ), 0.5l of dNTPs, 1l each of forward and reverse primers, 0.5l of Taq polymerase and 1l of DNA were pipetted into 5 separate tubes (i.e. tube 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) which were then rumpd on a gradient PCR block, with one tube at each of the following temperature 46oC, 52oC, 55oC, 58oC, and 65oC. Next, the PCR block was set to the following programmeDenaturing step at 94oC for two minutesAmplification step at 94oC for thirty seconds, 46-65oC for thirty seconds, and 72oC for one minute. This stage was repeated for thirty-five cycles.Finally, the extension step was done at 72oC for three minutes.Template optimisationA PCR mastermix containing 13.75l of water, 2.5l of 10x reaction buffer, 0.75l of 50mMol magnesium chloride, 0.5l dNTPs, 1l each of forward and reverse primer and 0.5l of Taq polymerase were pipetted into five tubes. Next, 5, 2, 1, 0.1, and 0.01l of template DNA and, 0, 3, 4, 4.9. 4.99l of H2O were added to each tubes respectively. Next, the tubes were then amplified on a PCR bloc k using the alike cycle parameters as set out in part A.Magnesium concentrationA PCR mastermix mastermix containing 16l of water, 2.5l of 10x reaction buffer, 0.5l dNTPs, 1l each of forward and reverse primer, 0.5l of Taq polymerase and 1l of DNA were pipetted into five tubes (i.e. tube 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). Next, a Mgcl2 dilution was prepared to get a final Mgcl2 mMol of 0.5, 1.5, 2, 3 and 5mMol which were then added to each tubes respectively to give a final volume of 25l. Next, the tubes were then amplified on a PCR block using the same cycle parameters as set out in part A.Touchdown PCRA PCR mastermix was prepared using the same variables outlined for magnesium concentration.Then the touchdown PCR programme used was as follows94C for 3 minutes then94C for 30 seconds, 64C for 30 seconds and 72C for one minute for three cycles,94C for 30 seconds, 61C for 30 seconds, and 72C for one minute for three cycles,94C for 30 seconds, 58C for 30 seconds, and 72C for one minute for three cycl es,94C for 30 seconds, 55C for 30 seconds, and 72C for one minute for three cycles,94C for 30 seconds, 53C for 30 seconds, and 72C for one minute for thirty cycles, and finally 72C for three minutes.Sample preparation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresisAfter all the different optimisation protocols, the samples to be loaded into the gel were prepared by adding 5l of loading buffer to each PCR reaction and mixed. Next, 5l of DNA ladder was pipetted into the first well while 10l of sample were pipetted into each designated wells. The gel was then run at 100V for 45 minutes. After which, the gel was recovered and placed in a weighing boat containing 1x TBE buffer. Next, 5l of ethidium bromide was carefully introduced into the weighing boat and left for 10 minutes before visualisation with a gel documentation system.3.0ResultPCR reactions were set up in 5 different PCR tubes with all the required components for complete PCR reaction , save for a particular factor which was varied to ascertain the optimal concentration necessary for the production of the highest amount of pure specific product. The results obtained from these various optimised factors are represented in the gels below.Part AOptimized PCR1l of DNA template was loaded in the well labelled neat DNA and it revealed the highest amount of product organise, the well containing a 1/10 diluted DNA had a much lower amount of product organize while the well with the water blank yielded no product. Also, unspecific products were not create.Figure 1 Optimised PCR agarose gel.Part BThe results of different PCR optimisation reactionsPCR annealing temperature optimisationFigure 2 PCR annealing temperature optimisation polyacrylamide gel. discover L-molecular weight ladder, road 1- 48c, highway 2- 52c, lane 3- 55c, lane 4- 62c, lane 5- 65c, unspecific product, specific product.From Figure 2 above, there are three unspecific products form in lane 1, a greater specific product with insignificant unspecific product form in lane 2, insignificant unspecific products make in lane 3 and there is also a decrease in the effectiveness of the specific product organize compared with that of lane 2. plot in lane 4, there is a minor decrease in the colour of the specific product make thus, the intense metre of the specific product formed (i.e. there is a strong amplification here) and in lane 5, there is a major decrease in the measuring stick of specific product formed. Therefore, the criterion of the product decreases as the quantity of the template DNA decreases, and the quantity of the specific and unspecific products step-ups as the quantity of the template DNA increase.Template dilution optimisationFigure 3 Template dilution optimisation polyacrylamide gel.Key L -molecular weight ladder, lane 1- 5l, lane 2- 2l, lane 3- 1l, lane 4- 0.1l, lane 5- 0.01l template DNA, specific product, unspecific product.From the gel above, there are three unspecific products formed in lane 1 and als o the colour of the specific product formed is high, the unspecific product formed in lane 2 is insignificant and the specific product formed is greater in saturation (i.e. has a higher amplification) compared with that of lane 1, in lane 3 and 4, the intensity of the specific product formed decreased compared with that of lane 2, while in lane 5, there is a major decrease in the intensity of the specific product formed. Therefore, the quantity of the product decreases as the quantity of the template DNA decreases, and the quantity of the specific and unspecific products increases as the quantity of the template DNA increase.Magnesium dilution optimisationFigure 4 Magnesium dilution optimisation polyacrylamide gel.Key L -molecular weight ladder, lane 1- 0.5mmol, lane 2- 1.5mmol, lane 3- 2mmol, lane 4- 3mmol, lane 5- 5mmol, specific product, unspecific product.Form the gel above, there is an unspecific and a specific product formed in lane 1, in lane 2 there is a decrease in the i ntensity of the unspecific product formed and also there is an increase in the amount of specific product formed. In lane 3, there were no production of unspecific products and the intensity of the specific product formed remained high. In lane 4, there is evidence of the presence of an unspecific product formed but the intensity of the specific product formed remained high. While in lane 5, there is a minor reducing in the intensity of the specific product formed while there is visible presence of formation of unspecific products.Magnesium touchdown optimisationFigure 5 Touchdown magnesium concentration optimisation.Key L molecular weight ladder, lane 1- 0.5 mMol, lane 2- 1.5 mMol, lane 3- 2mMol, lane 4- 3 mMol, lane 5- 5mMol, unspecific product, specific product.From the gel above, in lane 1, the intensity of the unspecific product formed is the same with that of the specific product formed. While in lane 2, 3 and 4, the intensity of the specific products formed are the same wh ile the intensity of the unspecific products gradually decreased. There was no unspecific product formed in lane 5, however there was a reduction in the intensity of the specific product formed compared to that of lane 4. preachingThis experiment was performed to evaluate different optimisation protocols to optimise PCR reactions.For the PCR reaction using an optimised PCR mastermix in part A, the highest amount of products formed was observed in the well containing 1l of DNA template.The annealing temperature is the most important optimisation, because it can have an influence on the specificity of the reaction. If the temperature is too high, the hybridization will not take place thus, templates and primers remain dissociated. If the temperature is too low, mismatched hybrids will occur. Correct annealing temperature must be low enough to start hybridization between template and primer, and also high enough to prevent forming mismatched hybrids (Roux, 2009). check to the results from annealing temperature optimization polyacrylamide gel (Figure 2), the most suitable annealing temperature was 62oC, because the band was clear and single as opposed to the 48oC, 52oC and 55oC, where the smears (i.e. unspecific products) were shown. The intensity of the band in 62oC was the strongest compared with that of 65oC.The most suitable template dilution for PCR was 2l, because it gave in the polyacrylamide gel in Figure 3, the most bright, single band with very low amount of unspecific products formed.Besides, annealing temperature and template dilution parameters, PCR reaction components could also lead to non-specific amplification. Two variables, which are reported to greatly influence the specificity of the PCR reaction, are magnesium and dNTP concentration (Dwivedi et al. 2003).For magnesium dilution touchdown (Figure 5), the molarities at 1.5, 2 and 3mMol showed very similar amount of products formed indicating the importance of the magnesium in PCR amplification while for magnesium dilution without touchdown (Figure 4), it was found that 2mM yielded the best results. Magnesium concentration is known to play a critical role in amplification as it can hit DNA strand denaturation, primer annealing specificity and enzyme fidelity. These observations are in agreement with earlier studies (Innis et al. 1990 Eeles et al. 1993). Even apprise incubations of a PCR mix at temperatures significantly below theTmcan result in primer-dimer formation and nonspecific priming. Hot-start PCR methods (Erlich et al. 1991Ruano et al. 1992) can dramatically reduce these problems.In this experiment, two methods were used to visualise the PCR products formed. They are, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and Agarose gel electrophoresis. Agarose gel is the most popular medium for the separation of moderate and large-sized nucleic acids and have a wide range of separation but a low resolving power, since the bands formed in the gels tend to be indistinct and give out apart. This is a result of pore size and cannot be largely controlled (Stellwagen, 1998). However, Polyacrylamide gels are normally more sticky to prepare and handle, and it requires a longer time for preparation than agarose gels. However, polyacrylamide gels have a greater resolving power, can accommodate larger quantities of DNA without any significant loss in resolution and the DNA obtained from polyacrylamide gels is extremely pure (Guilliatt, 2002). Hence, they are better than agarose gels. It should be noted that polyacrylamide is a neurotoxin (when unpolymerized), but with proper laboratory care it is no more dangerous than various commonly used chemicals in the laboratory (Budowle Allen, 1991). finisOptimisation of Polymerase Chain Reaction is very important for PCR performance to minimize failures, avoid the production of non-specific products and increase specificity of the reaction. The knowledge of proper conditions allows to use PCR correctly and to receiv e good results.According to the results of the research the most suitable annealing temperature was 62oC, the most proper amount of concentration of magnesium was 2nMol, and the best template dilution was 2l.Those parameters give DNA amplification specificity and efficiency. (Harris and Jones, 1997).ReferencesAlka, D., Sarin, B., Mittar, D., Sehajpal, P. (2003). OPTIMIZATION OF 38 kDa BASED PCR ASSAY FOR DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS FROM clinical SAMPLES. Journal of Tuberculosis. 50209-213.Budowle, B. and Allen, R. (1991). Discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments. Methods in Molecular Biology. 9123-132.Eeles, R. and Stamps, A. (1993). Managing the method. In Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) the Technique and its Application. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 2(3) 12-26.Erlich,H.,Gelfand,D.,Sninsky,J. (1991).Recent advances in the polymerase chain reaction.Science.25216431651.Guilliat, A. (2002). Agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis PC R variant detection protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. 187125-137.Hecker,K. and Roux,K. (1996).High and low annealing temperatures increase both specificity and yield in touchdown and stepdown PCR.Bio Techniques. 20478485.Harris, S. and Jones, D. (1997). Optimisation of the polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Biomedical Science. 54 (3)166-173.Huang, M., Arnheim, N., Goodman, M. (1992). Extension of base mispairs by Taq DNA polymerase implications for single nucleotide discrimination in PCR.Nucleic Acids Research.20 (17)45674573.Innis, M. and Gelfland, D. (1990). Optimization of PCRs. In PCR protocols A guide to methods and applications. Indian Journal of Tuberculosis. 1181589-1599.Markoulatos, P., Siafakas, N., Moncany, M. (2002). manifold polymerase chain reaction a practical approach.Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis.16(1) 4751.Lilit, G.andNidhi, A. (2013). Research Techniques Made mere(a) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 133 ( 3) 4565-4579.Stellwagen, N. (1998). DNA gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis Laboratory Manual. (D Tietz, Ed.). customs duty Verlag. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York.Roux, K. (2009). Optimisation and troubleshooting in PCR. Cold Spring Harbour Protocols. doi10.1101/pdb.ip66.Ruano,G.,Pagliaro,E., Schwartz,T.,Lamy,K.,Messina,D.,Gaensslen,R. et al. (1992).Heat-soaked PCR An efficient method for DNA amplification with applications to forensic analysis.Bio Techniques.13266274.

Von Neumann Computer Architecture Information Technology Essay

Von Neumann Computer Architecture Information engine room EssayThe Von Neumann Computer is a digital pc that storing the entropy in a single separate way and it usance a processing unit. A digital knowledge processing placement keeps its program in cultivation with its info as well. The Von Neumann Computer named after name of calculating machine scientist John von Neumann.5 Internal Comp atomic number 53nts Description of for each one components, how they be affiliated to Mother Board, diagram.Hard Disk Hard disk is a magnetized disk that allows you to store your calculating machine data, a leaden disk brood of several platters, which each individual platter is able to read and write. The hard disk is attached to the motherboard by ribbon cable (ATA66/100).Random approaching reposition (RAMIt is type of reckoner stock but it discharge be recovered randomly, RAM is very fast to read than any storage guile in a PC. As long as your reckoner is trial the data store in a RAM but when the computing device turns off, Ram will lose its data. The Ram committed to the motherboard by petite circuit, in the motherboard there is two circuit places which is one for inline computing machine storage and the blurb is duel inline computer memory.Processor Processor or Central Processing unit ( central processor) it is die of computer system and in easy way it is a brain of computer the origin of processor in a computer is to give a instruction for any computer program the mainframe computer is connected to the motherboard directly.Graphic Card It is a bridge between mainframe computer and other devices to send command and gets back the signal, the Graphic Card is connected throw the expansion slot which is in the Motherboard.5 External Components Description, how atomic number 18 they connected? Eg Ports, USB, etc. Diagram.Key Board keyboard is primary way to excrete with input you can use the keyboard to input text and data. When we pr ess a key, it presses a button, completing the circuit and allowing an amount of current to run with and keyboards atomic number 18 connected by USB cable or PS2.Mouse cabbage is device which lets you work with graphical objects that the computer displays on the screen. Mouse has one button or roundtimes cardinal buttons and it have scroll cast that enable user to scrolling long document or webpage. The Mouse is connected by USB cable or PS2.Printer It is a device that can print text or graphic that stored in a electronic form, and it connect to the PC by USB Port.Scanner It is a device that scans data or any text, printed page or photo you scan it to the computer and it connected to the computer by USB Port.Monitor A Monitor is alike a television but the difference is that monitor display the information produced by a computer, basically it is a screen display of a computer and it connect VGA port in a PC or in some PC by the Video card.Task 2 Describe the signs of the va rious types of internal memory of computerWhat is internal memory of computer?The internal memory of computer is also subtract of computer devices that recoding media that keep digital data used for computing for some interval of time.What are the major types of internal memory of computer? For each type of internal memory, explain how it works and what are its major characteristics there are types of computer internal memory which is Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM).Random Access Memory (RAM) It is a unorthodox computer internal memory and it is a space that allows us to temporarily store data when a program is running. The contents are being lost when the computer is switched off it only holds data spell power is on.There are some major types of RAM which areRambus DRAM (RDRAM) is a serial memory technology that arrived in three flavours, PC600, PC700, and PC800. PC800 DRAM has doubled the maximum throughput of old, but a higher urge on and it use small ca pacitors to store each bit of memory in an forebodeable format that consists of rows and columns, DRAM designs with multiple channels.SIMM chips Single in-line memory modules (SIMMs) it is a type of solid state computer memory which is used peculiar(prenominal) for the mainframe computer lay away memory. The 72-pin SIMM has a notch among the contacts in the middle. An important characteristic of RAM is that the entire memory place can be accessed at almost the same speed.Read Only Memory (ROM) Is a mental of memory that store the data permanently and it cannot be removed, eventually every computer is coming with a small amount of ROM which enter of boot firmware, when we divide our computer the ROM chips will running hardware diagnostics that will loading the operating system into RAM.Cache The roll up will make our computer more skilled and better, your computer memory, cache is extremely fast memory that store data and the data is ready to hand(predicate) quickly and it gives quickest response to the processor.Virtual Memory The virtual memory task was to enable a process to operate or express the status of pages in its virtual address space.Task 3 beg off the purpose and manoeuvers of the system busses of a computer inform how the internal subsystems are linked through buses and where these buses could be found inside a computer.The computer internal subsystems are connect to the busses through wire inside the computer and the data transfer throw these from one segmentation to the another part of computer. Busses connect the entire computer component with the main memory and processor.Explain the run aways of control, data, and address busses. What is bus width and what is the effect of the bus width on the bus performance?The architecture of buses is a wire inside a computer which data is transfer from one part to another part inside the computer, the purpose of buses is to connect the entire computer component to the processor and to the c entral memory. Busses are dividing into two parts the Data busses and Address busses. The function of data busses is to transfer the data and the function of address busses is to give boot to data where to go. Bus width is a canal that information is menses when the bus width is wider it is beneficial for busses because more information can fall down in more speedy time.What is a motherboard chip set? With use of a diagram, explain what is the role and characteristics of the North and South Bridge of a motherboard.It is a specific chip in a computer that calls motherboard chipset. The Northbridge is centre of attention logical in a computer motherboard and its role is to hold communion with RAM, BIOS ROM, PCI and central processing unit. The South Bridge job is to manage the basic of input/ make These include all hard drive and expansion slots, USB, FireWire, RAID, audio codes, real-time system clock, system power management, interrupt controller, direct memory access (DMA) co ntroller, and non-volatile BIOS memory.Task 4 Describe, with the aid of diagrams, what are the components andthe structure of processor and how mainframe worksWhat is the CPU of a modern computer and what are the CPU components?The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a computer that gives function to a computer programme. Every time when CPU doing a job there is a stored code in the computers memory that instructs the CPU what to do. CPU needs to decode the instruction code to find what it needs to do finish the task. After the CPU solve the code, the CPU will start to perform calculation and the result whether it store the result back in memory, to hard drive, or the computer display. The way that we can understand how effective a process is by the number of instruction that a CPU can execute per second.The CPU components areLogic or arithmetic unit (ALU) it performs calculations, there are four types of function that ALU do and it depends on these to perform and they are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division even registering and instruction.Register or the memory which stores the data, it tell CPU where the information is located, also its a temporary storage areas for instructions or data and they are not part of the memory. Register hold and transfer instructions. Register operate faster than a Ram, normally register assess by bit like 32 bits.Control unit which give direction to the data around the CPU by sending control signals and its job is to control the data that punish by the ALU, also the Control Unit keeping communicate with ALU and system memory.Use a diagram to explain the components of CPUCPU Components DiagramArithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)RegistersControl UnitInput windSecondary StorageOutput DeviceExplain shortly the capture Execute Cycle of CPU referring to its components and RAM.Fetch Execute Cycle of CPU it is an order of actions that the central processing unit (CPU) perform to execute each machine code instruct ion in a program. There are five register in the Fetch Execute Cycle which areThe Instruction Register that hold the solved and executed last instruction. The memory buffer register that use to get data from memory. The memory address registers that to be use when a word is transferred between memory and MBR. The accumulator register job is to hold the result of ALU for the time being and the programme predict that hold the address of the next instruction to be fetched from memory.

Antioxidant Activity of Banana Peel

Antioxidant Activity of banana tree tree PeelAccording to several authors, banana clamber recorded stronger antioxidant activity, poo conduct more(prenominal) quantity of phenoplast resin compounds (Someya et al., 2002), greater range of phenolic resins composition and higher in minerals content than banana pulp. banana pulp had been reported as having assorted antioxidants such as vitamins (A, B and E), carotene (Kanazawa Sakakibara, 2000) and phenolic compounds like catechin, epicatechin, lignin, tannic acid (Someya et al., 2002), gallocatechin and anthocyanins like peonidin and malvidine.There several type of antioxidant such as vitamin C, E, A, beta-carotene, lycopene and as well as otherwise substances. Antioxidants are abundant in crops and vegetables, as well as in nuts, grains, and some meats, and fish. Combination of vitamin C with other antioxidants, including vitamin E, b-carotene, and selenium, provides a interactive antihypertensive effect. Experimental evi dences prove that antioxidants grass shelter human personify from free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) effects. Antioxidants are substances that can prevent or slow the oxidative damage to our body and also may protect cells from the damage ca employ by free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules or highly reactive chemical that often contains oxygen and is produced during oxidation. Exposure to mingled environmental factors leave lead to free radical formation such as tobacco smoke and radiation. Free radicals can damage burning(prenominal) cellular molecules such as DNA or lipids or other parts of the cell and also may lead to cancer.Banana rifle also demonstrated the presence of various phenolic compounds such as gallocatechin and anthocyanins like peonidin and malvidin. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites, which have been associated with flavour and deform characteristics of fruits and vegetables and are gaining considerable attention because of their potent antioxidant and health promoting properties (Kaur Kapoor, 2001). Extraction of phenolic compounds in name materials is influenced by many factors including the extraction method employed, types of effect polarity use, storage time, presence of interfering substances, sample particle size of it and conditions as well as their chemical nature.Bananas were enriched with minerals like potassium, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium. Banana scrape could be a good source of carbohydrates and lineament. The high fiber content also indicates that the clambers could help treat constipation and improve ecumenical health and well being (Anhwange, B. A. et al., 2009). born(p) antioxidant are compound from plant or animals sources that retard oxidative rancidity of oil, fats and fat soluble components, thus protect them while delaying the development of unpleasant flavors and odors resulting from oxidation process. Antioxidant are present of course in most raw food sources. Processing of the fruit can remove or trigger the degradation of these antioxidant. Nowadays, the most widely used antioxidant were synthetic antioxidant such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), tertiary butylhydroxyanisole (TBHQ), and propyl gallate (PG). Figure 1.1 assign the molecular structure of the available synthetic antioxidant.Problem Statement doubt on the safety of the synthetic arose first in the 1960s and led to an increased affair and broad research on native antioxidant (). congenital antioxidant particularly found in fruit and vegetables have gain interest among consumer and the scientific community because epidemiological studies have indicate that frequent white plague of natural antioxidant is associate with the lower risk of cardiovascular and cancer (Renoud et al.1998). Natural antioxidants are perceived safe, less toxic and beneficial for human health. However, natural antioxidants is very expensive and have been not widely commercialized.In the modern years, there had been an explosive interest in studying antioxidants of some fruits repayable to their health promoting properties. A large number of studies have been demonstrated either on the effect of extraction time and extraction temperature or drying temperature toward antioxidant activity, phenolic content and minerals in banana peel. Antioxidant activity could influence by geographical origin, cultivar and harvest storage time. (C. Guo et al., 2003). These statements show that different origin of banana peel will have different value of antioxidant. This present studies are cerebrate on the banana peel that originally harvest in Malaysia because banana peel from Malaysia origin is rarely being studied before.ObjectiveThe prey of this research project is to establish the optimal condition for obtaining the banana peel extract with high antioxidant activity, phenolic content and minerals by using declaration extraction.Research ScopeFollowi ng tasks will be undertaken as a part of the proposed research-Different drying temperatures of 50C, 55C, 60C, 65C and 70C used to dry the sample. 70% propanone was use as the extracting solvent. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content was psychoanalyst by using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (frap) assay and Folin-Ciocalteus calorimetric (FC) respectively. The sensing of the ingatherings was performed by using UV-visible Spectrophotometer.The sample of 60C drying temperature was extract by using different solvent (methanol, dimethyl ketone and wet) with different dilution ratio (90%, 70%, 50%) in the hot water extraction. The extraction was done at 50C for 1 hour. Antioxidant activity and phenolic content were analyst by using FRAP assay and FC assay respectively. The detection of the product was performed by using UV-visible Spectrophotometer.Time of extraction vary from 1minutes-120 minutes was used to determined the effect of extraction time on antioxidant activity and phenolic content. Banana peel drying at 60C extracted with 70% propanone was used as the sample. Analysis were done by using FRAP and FC assay where the detection was performed by using UV-visible SpectrophotometerDifferent extraction temperatures of 40C, 50C, 55C and 60C were for the hot water extraction. Banana peel drying at 60C extracted with 70% acetone was used as the sample. Duration of the extraction process was 2 hours. psychoanalyst for antioxidant activity and phenolic content were performed.Verification of the Ascorbic acid existence in the banana peel extract was performed using High Performance crystalline Chromatography (HPLC) unit. Banana peel drying at 60C extracted with 70% acetone was use as the sample. The extraction process was done at 55oC for 2 hours.Sodium(Na), Magnesium(Mg) and Calcium(Ca) compositions in banana peel extracted with 70% acetone and undergo 2 hours extraction at 55oC were investigate by using Atomic submersion Spectrophotometer (AAS) unit. Rationale and SignificanceBanana is one of the source of natural antioxidant. Besides, banana is easy to get because it is not a seasonal fruit and it work well in Malaysia. Banana peels are waste from banana fruit and they contain high amount of antioxidant, phenolic content and also mineral. This peel is biodegradable and it will produce environmental problem due to it newton and phosphorus quantity. Therefore extracting the banana peel will be the high hat solution in order to protect human being, gaining some expediency and also creating waste to wealth. Banana peel also can be commercialize because it qualitative and quantitatively contain more antioxidant than it pulp. It also will have does not compete with banana pulp in producing oddment product especially in the food industry.

The Discovery Of America

The Discovery Of the StatesThe baring of the States is one of the most argued and controversial issues discussed today by historians and different groups of interest. Many people think that capital of Ohio deserves the praise for the uncovering of America while, others believe that he deserves no credit because when he shore on the Island in that respect were already natural inhabitants there who had been living there for centuries. Certainly, historical scriptures show that Columbus was not the first one to pervert on the upstart world. There were other people who expedited to America, some with the trail of finding a impertinent world and some for discovering other places. However, chill step to the fore in todays new world much acknowledgment is given formally to Christopher Columbus for discovering their place without recognizing that other people who visited originally the new land have set the prerequisites for Columbus to continue with his search. Thus, before Colum bus make the giant leap on the new world, there were already active footprints of the Vikings, Leif Erikson, and Prince Madoc of Wales.The Vikings club is cognize in the history as first notated discovery proving that Columbus wasnt the first to discover the sunrise(prenominal) World. The Vikings were the oldest and largest Dark Age re-enactment society in the United Kingdom, and credibly the world. Columbus discovery occurred in 1492 but, the discoveries from the Vikings go all the way back to the period of 790 to 1066. The truth about Vikings liquidation of North America was uncovered in 1961 at LAnse-aux-Meadows, Newfoundland, by a team of archaeologists lead by Helge Ingstad. They unearthed the remains of a Viking settlement date to around 1000 AD. By 1973, archaeologists had uncovered the remains of seven Viking houses, a blacksmiths shop, and a host of medieval artifacts, including rusty nails, fragments of iron, a small put together of smelted copper, a stone lamp, a No rse cloak pin and a spindle whorl for making wool. Radiocarbon tests dated the at least a dozen objects to about AD1000, plus or minus 70 years (Fulton, 41). Viking rune stones have been discovered in Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island Minnesota, okey and Massachusetts. And a rusty though perfectly good battle ax at Rocky Point, Cape Ann (Fulton, 41). Thus, it is argued that the Vikings were among the first to step on the new world that made a major impact on European history through trade, travel and, many advances in art and family life.In addition, Lefi Erikson played an important role in discovering America. To begin with, the earliest put down claim for the discovery of America belongs to a Norse Captain named Bjarni Herjolfsson. prof Samuel Wilson of the University of Texas writes of Bjarni, sailed from Iceland for Greenland in search of his father. During his journey he ran into bad weather and was pursy off course to a coast that did not fit the dangerous mountains and glaciers of Greenland.(18). Only wanting to find his father, Bjarni corrected his course and sailed for Greenland without landing on these new shores. Gerald Parshall writes, When Bjarni finally reached Greenland, he reported the flat wooden province he had sited to Erik the Red. (3). Erik was the Norwegian explorer who discovered and colonized Greenland and the father of Leif Erikson. When Leif perceive the story of the lands to the west, he bought Bjarnis boat and sailed west to explore this newfound land. As he sailed, Leif explored and named three countries Helluland (flat stone land), a rocky and barren land, probably Baffin Island, Markland (woodland), a low forested coast, most certainly Labrador or Newfoundland. (Wilford, 4). Leif move south along the coast perhaps as far as New England and named these lands Vinland (grassland). Many scholars believe that Columbus learned of this discovery as a young sailor on one of his voyages to Iceland on the 1460s.Finally, the recen tly 12th century has yet another explorer claiming the discovery of a new world. In 1170, Prince Madoc of Wales made two trips to North America aft(prenominal) the death of his father, the king of North Wales. On his second trip, he returned to the New World with ten shiploads of settlers. The most popular theory is that Madocs colonists intermarried with the Indians and eventually migrated to the Dakotas, they were known as Mandan Indians, Mandan being the corruption of Madagwys, as the followers of Prince Madoc were called (Jackson, 78). President doubting Thomas Jefferson, no less, told Lewis and Clark to keep an eye pealed for those Welsh Indians when he sent the explorers out in 1804. And Meriweather Lewis later reported that he had found the tribe (Parshall, 3). George Catlin, the American artist who lived with the Mandans for part of 1832, was persuaded that they were Madocs people by their fair complexion, blue and color in eyes, language parallels, and similarities in the round wicker boats favored by some(prenominal) the Mandan and Welsh tribes (Jackson, 78). The story was considered as fact in many American book and also different events and memorials were built on this chronicle.To conclude, the discovery of America can be designated to many different explorers. It was the combination of explorers and discoveries that resulted in the organic evolution of the Americas. Each of these explorers deserves to be celebrated and honored for their accomplishments. Without their combined efforts the American spotless may neer have become the place it is today. America was never undiscovered or forgotten as some of the Columbus supporters claim. Columbus used his knowledge of the earlier discoveries to continue previous attempts to colonize America. To attribute the whole discovery of the now promised land is not right and spotless historically. As shown above, facts tell us about discoveries of the land made before Columbus. Therefore, the history an d the people should recognize all of those who contributed to the eventual creation of the new world.

Criticisms Of Ayers Logical Positivism And Logical Positivism

Criticisms Of Ayers Logical Positivism And Logical PositivismAyer create Language, Truth Logic in 1936 when he was only 26 years of age. He was a part of the Vienna Circle who were nonoriously cognize for their philosophy of logical systemal positivism. Logical positivism is a philosophic possible action that holds substantive only those non-tautological hyp nonisms that can be canvass by the tools of logic into elementary propositions or atomic number 18 empirically objective. It thitherfore rejects metaphysics, theology, and some quantifys morals as recollectingless1. In Language, Truth Logic, Ayer puts forrard his own discrepancy of the impediment rationale. It is by this pattern of arrest in which these philosophers, including Ayer, assess whether or non propositions be meaningful. Furthermore it is by the teaching of proof and the whim of the analytic-synthetic bank none in which the heart Ayers philosophy rests. Analytic propositions argon propositions that ar true or false in virtue of their meaning al wholeness(predicate) and synthetic propositions argon propositions that are true or false in virtue of how the world is. Ayers logical positivist position and normal of validation is faulty and unreliable as shown by m whatsoever criticisms ranging from ego-refuting nature of the dogma of verification to the collapse of the analytic-synthetic bill by Quine.To begin with, Ayers principle of verification goes as followsa fate is factually significant to any assumption person, if, and only if, he knows how to verify the proposition which it purports to express that is, if he knows what observations would engineer him, nether certain conditions, to accept the proposition as creation true, or reject it as being false. If, on the opposite hand, the putative proposition is of such a character that the assumption of its truth, or falsehood, is consistent with any assumption whatsoever concerning the nature of his future vis ualise, because, as far as he is concerned, it is, if non a tautology, a mere pseudo proposition. The sentence expressing it may be emotionally significant to him scarce it is not literally significant.2In other words, a proposition is factually significant if it is a tautology or if it is possible to be empirically celebrated under conditions that would hold it to be rendered true or false. By wording it this range Ayer allows propositions such as there is oxygen on the planet Uranus to take on factual significance because it could be possible under the right conditions to quiz that claim. However a claim such as God is all-knowing does not have any factual significance and is non mind in Ayers view, because it could never be verified due to God being distant of our own. The same fate goes that of ethics and aesthetics by following Ayers principle of verification. By following this principle, one cannot record that the Mona Lisa is beautiful or that transfer is wrong because you cannot verify those things empirically. Also by assuming the Verification doctrine it follows that scientific laws are meaningless statements, and are empty of informational content. The Verification dogma rules come in all scientific laws, and therefore the whole of science. However Ayer tries to allow for such things as scientific laws by making a short letter between strong verification and debilitated verification. Strong verification refers to statements which are directly verifiable, that is, a statement can be shown to be adapt by way of empirical observation. Weak verification refers to statements which are not directly verifiable merely kinda highly probable by means of empirical observation. However, the phrase highly probable introduces a sense of subjectivity. If one can allow for such things as scientific laws as meaningful due to them being highly probable then one can allow for such things as ethics as meaningful depending on whether you think the evidence at hand is enough to hold back it highly probable. An additional criticism can be make here in regards to what is meant by empirically apparent. By observable do we mean with the naked eye? If so, the concept of cells must(prenominal) then fall to weak verification. However even if what was meant by observable allowed for such things as microscopes so that we did actually observe cells then what about the things in which we cannot observe at all such as black holes? We all believe there are such things as black holes save we cannot actually observe them but rather we observe the effects of black holes. Therefore, so to must black holes then fall to weak verification. Furthermore it is solely by seeing what follows from this principle of verification that one would desire to reject it. The sterling(prenominal) objection to the principle is that it is too much of a double knifelike sword it cuts more good out of the world than it does bad.American philosopher and mathe matician, Hilary Putnam, puts forth the argument that making a strong and weak distinction or an observational and metaphysical distinction is meaningless. Putnam argues that making such a duality is a problem from the start with four objections something is referred to as observational if it is observable directly with our senses. An observation name cannot be applied to something unobservable. If this is the case, there are no observation terms. So to use the term observational in regard to anything we experiment to verify indirectly is in itself a mistake. The term is being applied inappropriately and the result is the conclusion of there being no observational terms. Some unobservable terms are not even theoretical and belong to neither observation terms nor theoretical terms. Some theoretical terms refer primarily to observation terms. This is to say that there is no clear distinction always. Reports of observation terms much contain theoretical terms. Again he is collapsi ng the distinction here. A scientific system may not contain any theoretical terms.3 In conclusion Putnam states that following the previous objections there cannot be a distinction of observational (strong) and theoretical (weak) verification.A more moderate criticism to be made of Ayers principle of verification specifically comes from Karl Popper in his essay lore as falsification. hotshot important fact to know about Popper is that Popper believed that scientific knowledge is provisional. That is to say, it is the best we can do at the moment. While Ayers principle of verification holds that meaningful statements are only those non-tautological propositions that can be analyzed by the tools of logic into elementary propositions or are empirically verifiable Popper argues that such a rule of verification is too strong a criterion for science and instead argues that the criterion of the scientific status of a theory is its falsifiability, or refutability, or testability.4 Inst ead of the method of verification being whether or not a statement is empirically observable, the method instead is whether or not it can be falsified. One should not try to confirm a theory as the logical positivists try to but one should try to falsify it. Instead one should operate by a method of deductive reasoning. Popper states, Every good scientific theory is a prohibition it forbids certain things to happen. The more a theory forbids, the offend it is.5 Following from Poppers theory of falsifiability, the more predictions a theory makes, the better it is. The personnel of Poppers method is solely that it did not use inductive inference as the positivists method of verification did and therefore Poppers method did not accompany the philosophical problems that come with the positivists method and Poppers method, while being riddled with its own problems, did not claim statements to be meaningless but instead unscientific for the time being.Another means of criticism features Ayers principle itself is its own demise. When considering the principle of verification a question comes to mind. How is it that the principle of verification is verified? The answer cannot be. The principle cannot verify itself. We could test the principle empirically but to do so we need an independent test for meaningfulness. If we dont have an independent test for meaningfulness then we cant test the verification principle to see if the theory fits the data. Therefore, secret code verifies the principle of verification. If the principle itself cannot be verified then it is of no importance. It is cypher less than self-refuting and the whole of logical positivism collapses upon itself. A popular rebutter to this objection is that the verification principle is more of a meta-theory rather than a theory and does not need to be verified as it is on a different level than that of theories. Any theory could be called a meta-theory just by saying so and then avoid self refuting cri ticism. By saying a theory is above other theories and does not need verification does not make it so. This is nothing short of a bias for the principle and not true inquiry. Carrying on from this intellection that the verification principle is more of a meta-theory is the rebuttal to be made by the logical positivists that argues logical positivism is a philosophy of science and not an axiomatic system that can try out itself. However while it may not be presented as an axiomatic system that can prove itself, it is still an axiom. It is an assertion of a way to determine meaning that is not able to be proved correct. The principle of verification requires other axioms to apply the criteria of experiential proof as a prior condition, and they cannot be turn up experientially or otherwise either without begging the question. Therefore, the principle of verification is meaningless.One of the strongest criticisms to be made, if not the strongest criticism to be made, against Ayers logical positivism was made by W.V.O. Quine in his essay Two Dogmas of Empiricism. Quines Two Dogmas is often cited as one of the most important works of twenty century philosophy. Quine argued that test a meaning were holistic and by holistic what is meant that you cannot test ideas just by themselves. When one tests one idea you test every idea that is connected to that idea similarly. For example, if one tested a certain assumption and the data that returned was not that was to be expected that would not conclude that the hypothesis is false because something may have went wrong in test the hypothesis. The method by which one is testing may itself be flawed and not the hypothesis. However we assume that the methods by which we are testing by are correct. These assumptions could very well be incorrect and not the hypothesis. One talent argue that we can then test these expect ideas that we have but there is no practical way that we could test all of our assumed ideas that w e have while testing a hypothesis without running into an unconditioned regress. Quine argues that there is no scientific way to make sense of the analytic-synthetic distinction and this is the first of the two dogmas. If Quine is correct in this holism then we also test our analytic belief. However analytic beliefs are supposed to be immune from empirical testing according to Ayer Quine argues that we have a tissue of beliefs in which all of our beliefs make contact with the world through experience which is to say our analytic beliefs are indeed subject to falsification. For example when testing a hypothesis such as Grass is green, we are not just testing that, we are testing everything that this idea is connected to. If it turns out that grass is not green we might revise one of our other hypotheses such as are our eyes working properly or are we looking at grass. Even analytic beliefs may be revised as such has happened in modern physics with quantum physics and non-Euclidean geometry. It is not impossible to revise our analytic beliefs and if we are testing these and they are not true by definition and are by experience then the analytic-synthetic distinction collapses which is fatal for logical positivists such as Ayer.To summarize, as a logical positivist, Ayer held to a principle of verification that stated a proposition is factually significant if and only if it is a tautology or if it is possible to be empirically observed under conditions that would allow it to be rendered true or false. This principle of verification is not only an meshuga philosophy to follow due to its renouncement of ethics, aesthetics and science but it is also a self-refuting one due to the principle of verification being unable to be verified and not being a tautology. It is because of these reasons that Ayers principle of verification and logical positivism as a whole be rejected.

External Influences on Building Design

External Influences on Building DesignMany right-hand(a) deal dont reach how hard it can be to devise whateverthing. Especi everyy make, this is why room decorators job isnt easy. The massing and over altogether role of the figureing is influenced by number of different factors and how all burning(prenominal)(predicate) they are differs for each visualize. I would same to highlight the intimately authorized ones, and highlight which one of them cross point of reference quite a great deal. As Richard Rogers said form follows profit, and this is aesthetic principle of our generation, unfortunately this is main factor impacting the design and all the some other regalees in architecture. Although its non the only one. Other example is very much on the very beginning of the project the commit. Size configuration, topography this has huge impact on design. Somemultiplication we can change slightly topography, but site contour line would be more(prenominal) of an issue. Often in extreme cases this becomes the asset of finalised project, corresponding it happened in Tokyo project A action with large start a great deal called gap house knowing by ONDESIGN. Next factor is often one of the most influential in good and excessively in the bad way. These are and include number of people, starting from knob all the way to neighbourhood, which sometimes influences the design. Probably one of most important stakeholders is user/ lymph gland, they often provide driving force for the design.As they may be personally involved in process of design and accordingly realizeion. Possibly the best example of this could be STAMP HOUSE intentional by Charles Wright Architects. This project in was directed and influence by assorted factor of which the most challenging was client, that desired carbon neutral, off-grid architectural pedagogy that would be smart face of tropical architecture. Effectively this occurrence project was as highly influe nced by clients entree of environmental design. Final design was to minimalize impact on environment (as client requested), so that ecosystem around it would not be affected. Therefore architects had to work very closely with experts and various organisations. Effectively this lead to cryptograph carbon project that is level 5 cyclone proof and at that placefore classed as a cyclone shelter, additionally its flood proof and wouldnt set about from any natural disaster as it uses on sight solar panels and rain water collected in 25000 litres tank that is also fit(p) on the site. Another very influential stakeholders are neighbours and community groups. They often rear not only design but also whether structure will be completed or not. Good example could be found in Manchester where semipublic was picketing construction of new Manchester Metropolitan University campus building, the site chosen by MMU has previously been picketed by same group of people and that was probably wh at caused investment to fail.This time it was different partially due to professed(prenominal) manner of architects, MMU and local government. Although as many a(prenominal) people statute title the main role in this case was played by another(prenominal)(prenominal) influential and sometimes critical factor economic status. As the economic crisis emerged rate of investment started drastically falling down, MMU used this fact to pip planning permission for Birley handle proposal and convince authorities and residents. This exclusively reinforces and relates back to famous Rogers quote do follows profit, is the aesthetic principle of our times. This briefly mentioned local government as they are stakeholder representing local and public interests. They are often main body that appoints people to ensure, that building at it final head is safe to use. Which obviously needs to be considered and include during design stage. unfortunately not everything could be predicted like 9/11 terrorist attack. Although government and designers with engineers do their very best to prevent similar disasters from happening.This includes coming together and exciding building regulations, fire regulations and many more. These also relatively strongly influences the design. material body of people work to make sure building is safe the most important and influential of which is engineer or team of engineers. They do all the hard calculations, and this is what they have done in case of WTC. Architects and engineers jointly admitted that they intentional World Trade Center to withstand air plane collision.Although it was unfeasible for building to handle this with so intense fire inside it. This leads me to another factor that strongly influences design that makes it viable and passal. steady greatest building on the earth without sufficient serve and structure to support it is a disaster. This is why engineer and sometimes ME engineer substance design. Often in p articular in big projects architect and structural engineer work in collaboration to create final design. This is evolution from the sentence said by Louis Sullivan about his new Wainwright Building form follows function. Even if architect and engineer work close together they are often limited by construction methods and processes, like it almost happened with Beetham Tower in Manchester. The design caused a lot of dispute on how and whether it would be possible to safely construct four-metre cantilever which is definite land mark in Manchesters skyline. Frank Lloyd Wright found similar problem when he proposed mil High Illinois which was proposed in 1956 and never been built, simply because construction methods wouldnt get out it then and possibly even now it could be challenging to construct this proposed building. Although this shouldnt be a reason not to design it there are number of projects that has been designed and either not build or changed during construction because this coordination between architect and engineer wasnt successful. Similar cooperation would be good between ME engineer and architects. Although services that ME is taking care of often are not of particularly important at the design stage and therefore sometimes they tend to be pushed to blank box where they should be placed or they not even included at all. Unfortunately this is often not enough place and highly effects aesthetics of interior. This wasnt case in Pompidou Centre in Paris where all the services are on the external faade and therefore services engineer strongly effected or actually created the appearance of this building. This advanced design created very industrial appearance, also its good place to catch how many services and work goes into parts of building that are usually hidden.Possibly hiding all this causes people to think anyone can build a building and call it architecture and this is incorrect. Another influencing factor is decidedly sustainability. This factor is more and more often mentioned in clients requirements as its good for PR. Although due to global warming and heat island effect more and more governments and authorities include some form of sustainability in their building regulations. And therefore its emphatically outdoor(a) of architects influence. Although sometimes this as well as other restrictions allow great designs to be created and to emerge, similarly like it was with Pompidou Centre with services, they allowed it to be great building. Often sustainability of the building doesnt cause huge effect on the design, although it has to be considered from the start. Another strongly influential factor that I would like to mention is time. As we know time is money this is what asa dulcis Franklin said, and its still valid. Different people need quick design for number of different reasons. No matter of reason this influences the design. It may be that because architect need to finish design very quickly and he cant refine all the. It could be that someone work really well under pressure and therefore final design may come out brilliantly. In most cases where time is important factor client decide to use unconventional building process called Design and Build this means that construction starts as soon as architect creates rough shape. That causes that some of the details cant be changed as they may already been built. This isnt something new, its happening for keen-sighted time, one of best examples is Sagrada Familia in Barcelona, this Roman Catholic basilica designed by architect Antoni Gaud, construction started in 1882, this is 122 years ago, and its still not finished.This wouldnt be possible without this construction method, and hopefully if finished in 2028 as current estimates show it would be definitely one of the longest construction processes in the history. As visible on photo above its not surprising, because as its world build, the wariness to the details and the beauty of construction is at the highest possible level. Other influential factor that in my opinion is fundamental is the function. The role of architect is to materialise the solution for many, sometimes very hard problems. This is what in my opinion defines good architect. Its not only how pretty the building is, or how tall, its about how well architect or even designer conception about potential issues and how he solved it. Otherwise building is moreover a shed. Functional but without thought putted into it, althought because form follows function or at least it should, the design supposed to reinforce the function, and definitely not to go against it. This is what many people claim that has happened in case of Vitra ignore Station designed by Zaha Hadid, even though she is great architect, particular proposition to her design style.As many people claim, the sculptural fanciness of designer caused building to be not functional as fire station and had to be handed over, and now i ts used for exhibitions and events and continues to be one of the highlights on the Vitra Campus in Weil am Rhein. And Im not disputing fact that its obviously architectural highlight of the area. Although its definitely in its design more suitable for exhibition area rather than fire station, because in case of fire it was hard for fire engine quickly leave, to the achievement that some people called it dangerous. And therefore I think its important to create great designs, but not to forget about primitive needs of the place, even factory or storage buildings could be architectural statement not only a building.There are many, many more factors that affect architectural designs all over the planet. Some more and other less, it all depends on client , and situation that the building is being build, however definitely most important and most influential is function followed by site, money and the client.ReferencesShoebox dwelling. 23 Oct 2012. House in a Gap. Online. for sale ath ttp//shoeboxdwelling.com/2012/10/23/house-in-a-gap/ Accessed 22 demoralize 2014Ondesign. Unknown. 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Image online Available athttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileSagrada_Familia _01.jpg Accessed 22 Mar 2014SBA73. 21 Feb 2011. Sagrada Familia nave roof detail. Image online Available athttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FileSagrada_Familia_nave_roof_detail.jpg Accessed 22 Mar 2014Zaha Hadid. Unknown. Vitra lift Station Publication. Online. Available athttp//www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/vitra-fire-station Accessed 22 Mar 2014Anniina Koivu. 11 Jun 2013. Happy Birthday Fire Station. Onilne. Available athttp//www.vitra.com/en-gb/magazine/details/184799 Accessed 22 Mar 2014Form follows profit1200921975