Breast Cancer Essay Example for Free

Bosom Cancer Essay Cristian Davalos second Period There are a wide range of sorts of bosom malignant growth. For instance, bosom disease can start in various regions of the bosom like the channels, the lobules, or at times, the tissue in the middle. In this exposition I will clarify the various kinds of bosom malignant growth. I will likewise discuss the side effects numerous ladies have when they get bosom disease. At that point I will clarify the medicines for bosom malignant growth, and the elective medicines. As a matter of first importance, there are two fundamental kinds of bosom malignant growth obtrusive, and non-intrusive, which implies if the disease is just in your bosom or spreading out to other body parts. The primary sort is Ductal Carcinoma which is a non-obtrusive bosom malignant growth where irregular cells have been contained in the coating of the bosom milk pipe. The subsequent kind is Invasive Ductal Carcinoma which implies that strange cells that started in the covering of the bosom milk channel have attacked encompassing tissue. The third sort is Triple Negative Breast malignant growth which implies that the cells in the tumor are negative for progesterone, estrogen, and HER2/neu receptors. The fourth sort is Inflammatory Breast Cancer which is a less regular type of bosom disease that may not build up a tumor and frequently influences the skin. The fifth kind is Metastatic Breast Cancer which is malignant growth that has spread past the bosom, in some cases into the lungs, bones, or cerebrum. The 6th kind is bosom malignancy during pregnancy; ladies who are determined to have bosom disease during pregnancy may confront enormous extra strain because of worry for the wellbeing of the unborn kid. There are additionally different sorts that are less normal which incorporate Medullary Carcinoma, Tubular Carcinoma, and Mucinous Carcinoma. Next, the manifestations ladies get before the really get bosom disease. A few ladies may get a knot in the bosom or underarm that perseveres after your menstrual cycle. This is generally the principal clear manifestation of bosom malignant growth. Most all protuberances related with bosom malignant growth are normally effortless, however now and again it might create a thorny uproar. Another side effect is growing in the armpit, agony or delicacy in the bosom. Likewise any adjustment in the size, shape, surface, or temperature of the bosom, a rosy, pitted surface like the skin of an orange could be an indication of cutting edge bosom disease. Now and again an adjustment in the areola, for example, an areola withdrawal, dimpling, tingling, a consuming sensation, or ulceration, or a textured rash of the bosom might be related with a fundamental bosom malignant growth. At last, the medicines of bosom malignant growth have two significant objectives, which are to freed the body of the disease as totally as could reasonably be expected, and to keep malignant growth from returning. One treatment is Chemotherapy which uses medications to murder disease cells. Another sort is Hormone treatment, for example, tamoxifen in premenopausal and postmenopausal ladies and the aromatase inhibitors arimidex, aromasin, and femara in postmenopausal ladies. Hormone treatment utilizes medications to forestall hormones, particularly estrogen, from advancing the development of bosom malignant growth cells that may stay after bosom disease medical procedure. Additionally, another treatment is organic treatment, for example, Herceptin, Perjeta, or Tykerb, which work by utilizing the bodys invulnerable framework to wreck malignant growth cells. These medications target bosom malignant growth cells that have significant levels of a protein called HER2. Elective sorts of bosom malignant growth medicines are lumpectomy medical procedure to expel a tumor and a limited quantity of ordinary tissue around it. Likewise another elective treatment is halfway mastectomy medical procedure which is to expel the piece of the bosom that has malignant growth and some typical tissue around it. The coating over the chest muscles beneath the disease may likewise be expelled. This system is additionally called a segmental mastectomy. Another treatment is complete mastectomy, is medical procedure to evacuate the entire bosom that has malignancy. This method is likewise called a basic mastectomy. The last elective treatment is altered radical mastectomy medical procedure which is to expel the entire bosom that has malignancy, a large number of the lymph hubs under the arm, the covering over the chest muscles, and at times, some portion of the chest divider muscles. Taking everything into account, as you may see there are numerous kinds of bosom malignant growth and furthermore a mess of medicines, just as elective medicines. References http://www. breastcancer. organization/side effects/types http://www. mayoclinic. com/wellbeing/bosom malignant growth/HQ00348 http://www. nationalbreastcancer. organization/sorts of-bosom malignant growth http://www. webmd. com/bosom malignant growth/direct/bosom disease treatment http://www. malignancy. gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/bosom/Patient/page5

Environmental Hazards and Toxicity-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Examine about the Environmental Hazards and Toxicity. Answer: Presentation Climate is getting hotter and hotter, all through the world, in light of the expanding encompassing temperature and the resultant an unnatural weather change. The state of the laborers in the climate that is moist and more sultry expands the warmth stress chance, particularly, for those, who are working in open and no concealed surfaces. Thus, extra consideration must be taken consideration for the open spot working laborers, to guarantee safe working conditions and hazardless condition. The hazard evaluation for the warmth stress is created for guaranteeing safe working conditions, by guaranteeing them to keep the laborers from any prospects of building up the warmth stress. Warmth Stress Warmth is created, fundamentally inside the body itself and furthermore gets gained from the earth, remotely. The additional warmth produced in the body is lost from the body, by the endeavors of sweat vanishing from the outside of the skin. On the off chance that the body is chilly, overabundance heat is produced through shuddering. Warmth stress is the aftereffect of warmth collection surpassing the bodys capacity for evacuating this abundance heat. Center temperature is kept up by a human body and it is done in a range that is tight. At the point when this breaking point is surpassed, disappointment of the essential organs will be come about and in the end, the human may pass on in the wake of getting oblivious. The system of the fundamental human body is losing the warmth that is in abundance, through perspiration vanishing. The perspiration dissipation causes to lose just water, with the goal that much warmth isn't lost, from the body (WSH, 2010). Sweat dissipation includes the procedure of changes of sweat from the condition of fluid to gas. More perspiration vanishing is accomplished for the lower dampness substance of the air, generally and when the dampness content is high, less dissipation gets happened, in high relative stickiness. At the point when the physical work is exceptional, more than one liter of sweat or fluid can be lost, in 60 minutes, through perspiring. In the event that, the loss of this body liquid is in bigger sums, through the perspiring procedure, the outcome would be lack of hydration and it brings about blood flow hindrance and furthermore the internal heat level guideline. Thus, substitution of water ought to be done through regular drinking of water for keeping up satisfactory hydration, with the goal that the system of perspiring of human capacities ideally. Dangers Despite the fact that constant admission of water is done, in the warmth, there is a chance of the warmth worry, since the body consistently attempts to evacuate the warmth that is abundance. The disorder of the warmth stress are heat cramps, heat stroke and warmth depletion. Warmth Cramps This most punctual sign is the muscle tonic constriction indication of squeezing in the legs. It is typically, in view of the electrolyte and liquid misfortunes from tremendous perspiring and occurs after substantial physical work. The treatment for this is supplanting electrolytes and liquid and taking rest. Warmth Stroke Warmth feed happens, when additional warmth couldn't evacuate, in view of increment of center temperature. It brings about powerlessness to talk, become oblivious and lose elements of inside and bladder and may bomb the seating component. It might harm the imperative body organs, similar to kidney, mind, liver. In the event that it not treated in time, it might bring about death. The treatment is to alarm the laborers and first aiders. Quick consideration must be looked for by the specialist, on the off chance that the person in question feels dazed, unwell, difficult spasms, cerebral pain or on the off chance that anybody breakdown. The body must be cooled, ideally in a cooled zone, wipe with water, in the wake of, taking off fabrics and afterward fanning. Dissemination must be reestablished and legs are to be raised one foot over the ground. At that point emergency vehicle must be called for sending to the medical clinic. Warmth Exhaustion It happens, when the electrolytes and water are lost from the body, as it impacts the progression of blood to the crucial organs. The side effects are dazedness, feeling powerless or in any event, swooning, vision obscuring, cerebral pains and stomach torment. Sweat is proceeded and internal heat level is higher. The treatment would be electrolytes and liquids substitution, cooling the body and physical movement discontinuance (WSH, 2010). At that point move the individual to the region of cool or cooler spot, wipe down subsequent to taking off materials, wet with fabric or towel and fan. Lift the legs to over one foot above teh ground. Dangers Associated The warmth stress, whenever expanded to a degree of wild condition could result into the warmth stroke advancement. What's more, the results of the warmth stress would be not kidding. WSH Variables of Heat Stress in the Workplace There are three significant components that contribute the warmth worry in the site, of the organization (WSH, 2012). Elements, identified with the individual laborers, for example, acclimatization, hydration, general wellbeing condition, age, liquor utilization, diabetes, safe concealment, heftiness and other ailments Nature or kind of work, for example, pace of work, remaining task at hand, fabrics worn, sort of work Condition of work, for example, stickiness, temperature, ventilation Companys Responsibility Warmth stress and the subsequent warmth stroke would have genuine conditions and thus, the administration and different partners need to take significant estimations of limiting the danger of the warmth worry, as they are mindful to act under (Workplace Safety and Health) Act. Guidelines of WSH, Singapore, chance administration need directing the hazard appraisal by the working environments, with the goal that measures are taken for decreasing and taking out the dangers. It requests acclimatization of the laborers in the neighborhood states of climate, before the activities start (WSH, 2010). Since, the laborers are intended to show up about fourteen days preceding the tasks, the fourteen days time must be used so that they get acclimatized to the states of the neighborhood climate. (Stephan Constantin, 2012) Hazard Assessment Specifics Against the warmth stress Against the open working Against outstanding task at hand As indicated by WSH, Singapore Suggestions Preventive Actions and Measures It is significant that the hazard evaluation incorporates the accompanying estimations to be taken, with the goal that most extreme danger of the warmth stress can be forestalled (Hale Ytehus, 2004). Give polyolefine coveralls to all the laborers and set its wet bulb worldwide temperature to 29,50 Brief safe houses must be organized inside the site, so resting is conceivable, during shorter and customary periods. All the laborers need to experience Construction Safety Orientation Course to know about the warmth stress issues. Change the timings of absolute 8 or 10 hours of working, so that the initial 4 or 5 hours are apportioned from promptly toward the beginning of the day and finish the primary half, prior. What's more, second half ought to be begun only four hours before the light falls flat (WSH, 2013). Thus, mid-day break ought to be given between 11AM to 3PM. It is conceivable, since all the laborers are obliged by the organization. The settlement is prescribed to be kept up nearer to the site, so they can have sufficient opportunity to rest, during the night, without sitting around much in movement. It ought to guarantee that the temperature ought not be surpassing 290C and the relative stickiness to 85%, as indicated by the WSH Act (WSH, 2010). Breaks to be given after each 1 hour of working for liquid admission. Lemon water can improve the endurance to work in the more blazing climate, with less comprehensive nature. Direct outside exercises for the laborers during the fourteen days before the start of work, towards acclimatization. Keep up an AC room close to the working environment. Make the cool drinking and sports drinking water nearer to the laborers and furthermore guarantee that the laborers have 500 ml water, each hour. Medical aid hardware and fundamental materials. First aider and specialist to be available consistently in the site, during The companys park development goes under Heat Stress 2, since the laborers work under sun. At first, the remaining task at hand must be 2 days and ought to be step by step expanded. Requirements The organization is mentioned to give the accompanying hardware, foundation and the important spending plan. Hardware, foundation, Material and Others Sports drinking water, provided nearer to all aspects of the operational site. One cooled space to suit the laborers to rest for some time, when the move and if there should be an occurrence of any warmth strokes. Brief Shades WBGT Monitor Emergency treatment First aider Specialist near the site Contact quantities of emergency vehicle, medical clinic Hazard manager Different offices Spending Request The spending plan required - S.No. Office Spending plan in USD 1 Sports drinking water 500 2 One cooled room 1000 3 WBGT Monitor 100 4 Impermanent Shades 100 5 Medical aid 50 6 First aider 1000 7 Specialist near the site 1500 8 Hazard Supervisor 1500 9 Polyolefine Coveralls 1000 10 Different offices 250 The complete financial plan required is = 7000 USD Assessment Measures Guarantee individual wellness enough to work in development of the recreation center, before arrangement of the laborer. Lead clinical test following multi week of the inception of the work, to guarantee the acclimatization of the laborers. Guarantee agenda of the hazard appraisal elements to be confirmed, each day, prior to the move starts. Report to Company The stopping development venture is conveyed in the open sun, with no shade thus the hazard evaluation, chance components and suggestions, alongside the spending plan are given in the report. It is mentioned to give the suggested offices, as indicated by the WSH Act. End Hazard evaluation has been performed after a point by point investigation of warmth stress, its causes, components and medications. Hazard appraisal is performed to forestall the mishaps and dangers and the proposals are given in the report. References WS

The Movie Playing by Heart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Movie Playing by Heart - Essay Example Connection and duty was an alternate story, in any case, on the grounds that every individual had an alternate foundation. Hannah and Paul, wedded for a long time endure Paul’s brief disloyalty regardless of whether he and Hannah just had conclusion about that undertaking as of late. Theirs is an instance of genuine romance that vanquished all and is the sort of marriage that is perpetual and not brief. Gracie and Hugh’s marriage was on the rocks since weariness set in and Gracie didn't think Hugh had enough creative mind to make their marriage all the more energizing, that is the reason Hugh continued attempting to design stories and sell these to ladies in bars to demonstrate to himself that he is as yet an intriguing man. Gracie, nonetheless, heads out to have a physical illicit relationship with a man he thought was energizing. Their marriage was not based on a solid establishment in light of the fact that the responsibility to one another was shaky and reliably req uired solid verification that they were deserving of one another. Meredith and Trent’s relationship is new, on account of Trent’s dedication and tirelessness in separating the high divider that Meredith had worked around herself. Having the option to break through to her was a significant advancement that both he and Meredith had an incredible possibility of an effective relationship. The equivalent is valid for Joan and Keenan who met coolly at a bar. In spite of the fact that their lives appear to be shallow, when they opened up to one another and chose to get powerless, they found what love was. The film appeared to call attention to that once dividers are separated and the individual inside consents to be uncovered until someone else gets the opportunity to adore the person in question for what the individual is, at that point the adoration that will develop from it is valid. The couples Meredith and Trent and Joan and Keenan have opportunities to have cheerful rel ationships and likely youngsters to finish their families. This is on the grounds that they have settled on a choice, to be straightforward with one another and to live without affectations.

Indigenous People s History Of The United States Essay

An Indigenous People s’ History of the United States. A history book claimed to go above and beyond what has been stated in text before it. Every page is packed with details and references to other accredited historians, or examples of the mindset that has been historically infused. At first glance you think you already know about the history of the Native Americans. How we saw it fit to take their land, put them on ever shrinking â€Å"gifted† lands that would never allow them to strive again. How they are simply a conquered people who fought back and lost. Alas this book takes what you thought you knew and makes it more real, focusing on the unnecessary genocide. Admittedly this book was very difficult for me to read, I found myself trailing off, being confused with the connections. There were however quite a few spots that stuck out to me, especially those we have covered in our race lectures. Roxanne explains the culture of the indigenous people in the beginning chapters. Intertwining history of how other nations have toppled or been influenced by other ruling nations. This is includes the aztecs, mayans, Ireland and many more. She also mentions how Indigenous nations governed their people and the land before we intervened. Some tribes even held values that later inspired our own US Constitution, called the Great Law of Peace. The next chapter describes how our deeply rooted history began, how the english introduced profits as a motive and privatized land. This regards toShow MoreRelatedThe Residential School System Within Canada1648 Words   |  7 PagesThe residential school system in Canada was active for over a century, with the last one closing in 1996 (Troniak, 2011), yet many Canadians still remain unaware of this terrible part in our nation s history. Throughout the time that these schools remained open, over 150,000 First Nations, Inuit, and Mà ©tis children pa ssed through more than 130 residential schools in virtually every part of Canada and it is estimated that more than half of them are survivors (Troniak, 2011). So if such a largeRead MoreThe Social, Economic, and Political Implications of the Conquest and Colonization of the Americas1040 Words   |  5 PagesThe history of the conquest and colonization of the Americas is very complex. The social, economic, and political issues and circumstances that took place many years ago are the foundation of who America is today. Most Americans do not realize how many people were affected by immigration, or understand the real struggles and sacrifices that the indigenous people and the colonists made for the freedoms we have today. During these historical events, many cultural, social, and economical events wereRead MoreUnited States Vs. Brazil Race1244 Words   |  5 PagesElena Martinez University 175 5/1/2015 United States vs. Brazil race categorizing and history â€Å"Think about race in its universality. Where is your measurement device? There is no way to measure race. We sometimes do it by skin color, other people may do it by hair texture - other people may have the dividing lines different in terms of skin color. What is black in the United States is not what s black in Brazil or what s black in South Africa.†-Dr.Goodman, Race: The Power of an Illusion EarlierRead MoreThe Arizona Constitution Essay1221 Words   |  5 Pages14, 1912 as the forty-eighth state in the union. There were several events that led Arizona to statehood. President William Taft vetoed the first document for Arizona to become a state because he did not believe that citizens should use recall to remove judges from office (SU, 2008). This essay will give a detail timeline of the events leading up to Arizona becoming a state and the adoption of the Arizona Constitution. Also, included in this essay is a brief history of the events that influence ArizonaRead MoreThe History Of El Salvador1434 Words   |  6 PagesThe history of El Salvador begins with the time period in which indigenous peoples resided in the country. According to Roy Poland, in Culture and Customs of El Salvador, El Salvador was conquered by the Spanish in 1524; the spanish found the country was divided into three states (13). The spaniards hegemonic influence finally converted El Salvador int o a Spanish colony after twenty six years of indigenous resistance(Poland 14). Such conquest brought violence, diseases, and poverty to the indigenousRead MoreDisaster Planning And Preparedness For Disasters906 Words   |  4 PagesEvery year in the United States, disasters, whether catastrophes on a national scale such as the 2006 Hurricane Katrina or more localized disasters like the 2013 Northern Colorado floods devastate communities by taking the lives of hundreds of people, and injuring thousands more. In additional to the emotional and mental toll disasters have on communities and individuals, the total cost of disasters is continuously increasing to an extent that the public has a difficulty comprehending. NationwideRead MorePositivist And Indigenous Research Paradigm Essay851 Words   |  4 PagesPositivist and Indigenous Research Paradigm In this research entry, I will compare the positivist and Indigenous research paradigms. Similar Procedures for data collection: A basic similarity lies between the two methods. Both the positivist and indigenous research methods use the same procedures to gather the data and handle in the same way as collected. In fact, both the research methods work alongside the three aspects of research paradigm even while they have different perspective to use andRead MoreHistory Of South Africa s History1686 Words   |  7 PagesSouth Africa s history is a story of conflict from its very start, spurred by European settlement territorial conquest, frontier expansion, and nineteenth-century global imperialism that generated internal competition between white settlers and the black African population over land and resources such as water. Formal South African history is dated to the arrival of the Dutch East India Company in 1652 (although there were indigenous groups living there prior to the arrival of the Dutch); externalRead MoreFilm Analysis : Rabbit Proof Fence1499 Words   |à ‚  6 Pagesthemselves because they did not want a third unwanted race. Half-caste is referred to mixed-blooded children. Mr. A.O. Neville, played by actor Kenneth Branagh, had the power to remove any half-caste child from their family, from anywhere within the state since he was Chief Protector of Aborigines. The three girls lived in the desert side of Australia, with the Jialong tribe. Mr. A.O. Neville was informed about three half-caste girls that lived in the outback community of Jialong. He ordered hisRead MoreThe Culture Of The Peoples From The Highlands Of Guatemala1259 Words   |  6 PagesInternally displaced peoples from the highlands of Guatemala, as in much of Latin America, often seek refuge in the outskirts of their nations capitals. In Guatemala City and in other populous Guatemalan cities throughout the country, families have made their lives anew after years of violence and tragedy. The history of mass migration towards city centers and their outskirts can be traced to the overthrow of the democratically elected president Jacobo Arbenz, in the year 1954, which was the catalyst

Should College Be Free And Open For Anyone Essay

What would happen if everyone was equal in the work place? What if surgeons made just as much as cashiers at McDonalds? I am all for equality when it comes to gender issues and equal pay for women, but I am also a supporter of hard workers getting what they deserve. This is the reason why most people today aspire to have a college education, because attending college provides you with the skills and knowledge to be successful in the real world. If everyone had easy access to receiving a college education, the entire working field would be turned upside down. My audience for this essay is the voters that will be voting in this coming election. In addition, it will appeal to adults with younger children preparing for them to go off to college and trying to figure out how they will pay for the constantly rising college expense. I am advocating that college should not be free and open for anyone to attend. I believe that it would cause more problems then it would solve and would be unfai r for the people that have worked hard their entire lives in order to attend a prestigious university. We all know that there are the rich and the poor, but what separates the classes in this economy? Some people are born into money, but most came from nothing and have still managed to be wildly successful. In short, people who work hard are successful and those who do not strive for success, never attain it. This is the difference between the rich and the poor. Some say that this statement isShow MoreRelatedIs It Worth It?1394 Words   |  6 Pageswere taught that going to college was something we were expected to achieve. Having a degree is considered, to be a vital success in our culture. But decades later the rising of tuition for higher education has been growing at almost twice the rate, and also for the high unemployment for the recent graduates; so is college a necessity or a luxury? According to Bernie Sander a former Congressman and Senator from Vermont agreed, that there should be access to free college, like the one we already haveRead MoreFree College : Is An Overwhelming Issue Affecting Our Overall Economy1059 Words   |  5 PagesFree College† is an overwhelming issue affecting our overall economy in today’s time. But how does this affect me today as a high school senior? With college costing a fortune these days at an average of $9,139 for tuition, not including room and board, this puts a dilemma on the average American family making $55,000 per year. How is it feasible for a family to spend 2/5 of its income on the education of their child while still trying to afford their bills? It’s not. While many answer with studentRead MoreCollege Writing Importance1004 Words   |  5 PagesThe importance of college writing can be easily argued to have zero importance to most. It is really the laziness in me that would try to argue writing is to no importance but I find much greater reasons to support the ideas of writing being a very essential skill. Writing is a skill not every occupation will have thrown at them, but anyone wanting to try to get a higher paying job will come across writing. Knowing how to write college level can only benefit one. Arguing that college level writing toRead MoreThe Freedom Of Speech By The Bill Of Rights1569 Words   |  7 Pagesreligion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press greater emphasis how vital it was to make freedom of speech the main priority for the people of this nation. However, many of the stuff the people express when using this right had caused many to feel offended because they have different beliefs and values. This has led to the creation of laws which have tried and defined such broad topics into a single definite definition. Free speech is one of theRead MoreBenefits And Benefits Of College848 Words   |  4 Pagesthat college is beneficial in today’s society. The good of going to college outweighs the bad of not attending at all or not having the means to attend, if there was not a bad then everyone would have the ability to promote themselves. The benefits of having an Associate’s Degree or Bachelor’s Degree definitely outweighs the cost of college. The college earning is drastically declining because college tuition is increasing, therefore, the capability of students and adults attending college will continueRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article The Coddling Of The American Mind 1071 Words   |  5 Pagesof speech is a fundamental American freedom and a human right, and there’s no place that this right should be more valued and protected than in colleges and universities. A college exists to educate and to advance a student s knowledge. 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With a college degree you can do a lot of things. Also, generally speaking obtaining a college degree will get you a job that would make more money than a job without a degree. Making more money le ads to better quality of life in America because of the many different doors that open up for you and your family, also it allows have you have some extra money to spend. In America, college is expensive, and leaves a very large number of studentsRead Moreâ€Å"I Am A Mother Of 2 Boys. My Husband And I Have Always1117 Words   |  5 Pagesfor the college so he had free tuition (thankfully). I graduated 12 years ago and I still owe $10,000 because bills keep piling up. I pay my bill faithfully but it seems like it is never going to go away.† Courtney, a college graduate, is experiencing the negative effects of college tuition first hand. She tells us how she still owes a significant amount of money twelve years later. She is not alone as several other college graduates experience the same thing every day. Over the years, college tuitionRead MoreEssay on The CEO and Organizational Culture Profile: Google1104 Words   |  5 Pagesthe most successful workforce to date. By offering free food to employees, cool social lounges at work, not to mention sleep schedules; Google has the ability to attract the best of the best. In return, Google’s employees have taken the company to new highs and allowing Google to create constant growth. The Culture of Google Google has become the premier place to work. Google offers variety of perk for its demanding work schedule such as free food to weekly sleep schedule for the employees. In

Scenario Based Usability Engineering And Software...

Summary The following analysis takes a look at scenario-based usability engineering and software architecture-based design and the effects, if any, of each given design technique on software quality attributes as defined by McCall. McCall lists the following attributes as part of a quality software product: correctness, reliability, efficiency, integrity, usability, maintainability, flexibility, testability, portability, reusability, and interoperability. These quality attributes will be used as evaluating factors in determining whether scenario-based usability engineering or software architecture-based design can help significantly increase the chances of meeting a project’s goal with respect to that quality attribute. This analysis should provide an overarching view as to which design scenario is best suited for a project given a set of desired quality goals. Below is an introduction to the two methods being compared. Scenario-Based Usability Engineering (SBUE) SBUE is a design methodology that focuses on creating rich, detailed user-interaction scenarios as a central representation of the software model. These detailed requirements scenarios are often constructed using techniques such as participatory design and scenario-based design during the requirements gathering and analysis phases. These techniques allow for the elicitation of different users, tasks, artifacts, and activities of a workplace and how they are interconnected that may otherwise go unnoticed during aShow MoreRelatedUsability Testing and Implementation892 Words   |  4 PagesUsability Testing and Implementation Introduction Defining a series of recommendations on how TUI staff can better manage usability training for TUI course developers and usability testing of their courses is the goal of this analysis. The usability of any application needs to take into account as many varied platforms as possible during planning, development and eventual launch and use (Hertzum, 2010). This is a multidimensional problem that needs to be dealt with at the initial phases of anyRead MoreRational Unified Process1256 Words   |  6 Pagesextensions thus what are its workflows more used. The Rational Unified Process (RUP) is a software design method created by the Rational Software Corporation and now is part of IBM developer software. This paper describes how to deploy software effectively. The Rational Unified Process (RUP) use commercially proven techniques, and is a heavy weight process, and hence particularly applicable to larger software development teams working on large projects. Rational Unified Process (RUP) RationalRead More1. Introduction University management nowadays has to do all their best in order to organize an3000 Words   |  12 Pagesobjectives include book-keeping, resources development, and financial operations control. All of these IS play the important role in the development of virtual university concept. So the software becomes a powerful tool for organizations. The wide range of users has to interact with different types of the software in their business needs. Many of their professional problems can be solved with the help of IS. A set of operations, that was firstly manual, are computerized now. This increases the performanceRead MoreSrs for Online Shopping System2111 Words   |  9 Pages 1. DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT OF COMPUTER NETWORKS UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK MANAGEMENT 9 Overview of Analysis, Architecture and Design Process-System Methodology, Service methodology, Service Description - Service characteristics - Performance Characteristics - Network supportability - Requirement analysis – User Requirements – Application Requirements – Device Requirements – Network Requirements – Other Requirements - Requirement specification and map. Read MoreDevelop Android City Tour Guide Application Using Web Services1300 Words   |  6 Pagesthe trend of longer term software application. Mobile phones are more than just making calls. Now a day mobile phone is a necessary part of the people’s life. There is continuously rising in a number of mobile Computing applications, centred on the people’s daily life. It allows accessing. It allows accessing several applications and services via the internet connection or by building stand-alone applications. 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Therefore, neither the student nor Kingston University makes any warranty, express or implied, as to the accuracy of the dataRead MoreLifelong Personal Health Data And Application Software Via Virtual Machines2807 Words   |  12 PagesSummary of the academic paper â€Å"Lifelong personal health data and application software via virtual machines in the cloud† by Van Gorp, P Comuzzi, M The authors emphases their research on exploring and presenting a novel prototype system which would provide opportunities for patients to access their Personal Health Records (PHR) regardless of location and time and, also very importantly to share this information with relevant health practitioners and institution. They identify that â€Å"Cloud computingRead MoreRequirements And Scope Of Application1514 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER 6 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION (SRS IS TO BE PREPARED USING RELEVANT MATHEMATICS DERIVED AND SOFTWARE ENGG. 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Toyota Ethical Issues free essay sample

The objective of this paper is to  define clearly the Toyota issue; the basis for the issue; identify ground rules that manifested the Toyota situation; and discuss what ethical deficiency that brought the Toyota issue to light. The paper will address the ethical systems that were at work for key individuals in the organization and how the leadership of the company handled the situation. The role of middle management and executive management in causing or resolving the issue and a proposed plan for revising the company’s ethical standards will also be illustrated.Toyota Issues on recall Toyota one of the biggest  world automakers ran into some ethical problems with the accelerator of its several types of vehicles. The issue was that several vehicles had pedal entrapment while still running the vehicles causing it impossible to stop the vehicle. According to  Cole (2011),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"there were several issues: potentially sticky gas pedals, pedal entrapment and software glitches that affected braking on some models† (p. 31). The issue led to massive recall of Toyota vehicles.In trying to fix the problem, Toyota recalled all floor mats in its vehicle to fix a problem in which the gas pedal can become caught on the edge of the floor mat. Toyota stated that the mat can cause the vehicle to accelerate uncontrollably. Thereafter another recall was made involving accelerator pedals that can stick on their own. For reasons best known to Toyota concealed the truth from the public and Toyota tried to fix problems after the issue become public.After the media reported the serious problem in Toyota’s vehicles, the public was enraged on how Toyota is handling the acceleration problem. The issue of  focus in this paper is how the management of Toyota handled the situation viewed from the eye of a consumer. 3 The Toyota organization culture is secretive and non-communicative even with employees. The in-sider joke among Toyota American employees, working for Toyota is like working for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and information is shared only on a need to know basis.The organization hierarchical decision-making structure reduced its ability to respond to the problem. As for Toyota transparency, a hearing by the United States lower house judged found the company’s initial responses ambiguous. One of Toyota senior VP Irving A. Miller warned the executive coordinator to come forward with the information of the accelerator pedals malfunction but was warned not to mention his concerns about the mechanical failure in his meeting with the National highway safety administration (NHTSA).Upper management underestimated that Toyota North American customers expect certain ethical attributes concerning the quality and safety of products and customer’s safety. Several ethical issues were in violation beginning with upper management by hiding the mechanical failure of the braking system. It seems there was a do not ask do not tell policy at work. This mechanical failure could lead to loss of lives. This could be a calculated strategy by the company not to accept financial responsibility for the recalls. Toyota was willing to risk the lives of their customer over financial gains of its company. All this does not make Toyota a virtuous company. The president of Toyota Akio Toyoda went on record stating â€Å"We pursued growth over the speed at which we were able to develop our people and our organization. † The Company’s vision is guiding principles and core values that express the beliefs and values shared by the organization (Liker Hoseus, 2008). 4 In 2007 Toyota was the number one in the United State after improving quality because of an escalating pattern of recalls in the United States and Japan.There had been ethical concerns that Toyota executives reluctance to issue a recall over a suspected defect had led to a death in a southern Japanese city. There was a call for Toyota to slow down growth but the president, Watanabe defend the growth has Toyota’s future (Treece, 2007). But the ethical behavior and responsibility differed between employees and management; in that subordinates were often afraid to speak up and question management decisions. â€Å"People shield those in power from unpleasant facts, fearful of penalties and criticism for shining light on the rough realities† (Collins 2010).Further, Toyota executives did not heed investor’s warnings and kept growth at the same pace. In 2010 the new president Akio Toyoda described Toyota as Stage 3 after he had read a book by Jim Collins, an American management guru that describes the five stages a thriving company passes on its way to failure. â€Å"First comes hubris born of success; second, the undisciplined pursuit of more; third, denial of risk and peril; fourth, grasping for salvation; and last, capitulation to irrelevance or death† (Collins 2010).The recall analysis shows that Toyota was slow to act on many different levels. One example was Congress had to threaten a subpoena for Toyoda testify before Congress. Executive management resolved the issue by recognizing the scale of Toyota’s problems, â€Å"by proclaiming their urgency and then by drawing on the firm’s strengths to fix them, Mr Toyoda has already taken the first, vitally important, step towards salvation† (The Economist 2011). Conclusion There is no question that Toyota’s image and profit suffered after the tacky  accelerator, pedal entrapment, and software glitches issues.The media greatly amplified the malfunctioning pedal issue because of the loss of lives. The matter became a right and wrong issue and ethical obligations of manufacturers to their consumers. The issue became  a leadership crisis and how open Toyota executives were to their customer. Regardless of Toyota’s dependable top score on vehicles manufacturing, the issue of the 2009 recall damaged the reputation of the company and the impact of consumer confidence is still felt in 2011.

The Performance of Workplace Management

Introduction The performance of every organization is highly determined by its workforce. Employees of any organization determine whether it will attain its goals and objectives by how they contribute towards the output of the organization.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Performance of Workplace Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence recognizing the role of the employees towards the success of an organization has made many organizations to view their employees as one of its important asset. According to Honore (2009), the most important assets of a company are not product, money or profit but their employees (p.3). Longeneker (2011) adds that motivating workforce will help to improve the performance of the organization (p.). Many organizations have renewed their commitments to their employees by treating them fairly and with a lot respect. Many companies have come up with different schemes for im proving working conditions for their workers as payment compensation schemes, holiday leave schemes, trade union participation among others. These efforts are not only happening in local companies but also among multinational corporations that are operating in different parts of the globe. This report analyses the steps that can be taken by a multinational corporation that has taken a strategic plan to improve the performance of its employees through the managers in three countries (India, Australia, and Brazil) where it is operating. Approach MNCs operate in different parts of the globe, which are diverse in so many ways. Different regions where MNCs operate differ in geographical, political, economic, social-cultural, and technological factors.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The corporations have to use multidisciplinary approach when they are giving goods or services in different regions where they operate. For instance these corporations have employed people from all the regions where they operating for effective delivery of their services. For example, a MNC such as Coca cola has branches in almost every country of the world and therefore employ staffs who differ in their culture, beliefs, taboos, race among other differences. Therefore, for the corporation to come up with a scheme that will address the needs their diverse staffs, it needs to be a multidisciplinary approach that will put into consideration their diversity. Employees would also like to associate with an organization that have diverse outlook. As Maxwell and Knox (2009) notes employers branding will help to motivate employees (p.93). However, there stands some basic things required by all employees require and hence the approach will be general in many cases but specific in some cases. Something like good salary and wages will motivate every employee irrespective of their diversit y. Good working environment will raise the output of the employees in many organizations despite their differences. Manager can use several approaches to motivate their employees who are working in different regions. These approaches will depend on the circumstances or challenges that workers in a certain region face. One approach may be very appropriate for a certain region but inappropriate for another region. The success of a given approach depends with the region and factors that lowers morale of the employees in that region. Below are some of the approaches that the managers of this MNC may apply to motivate their workers.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Performance of Workplace Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Equal employment opportunities MNC usually employs people from different background in terms of race, sex, culture, and beliefs. As postulated by Wegge, Van Dick, Wecking, and Moltzen (2006) creating a working environment that is objective is very crucial in that kind of setting (p.50). After recruitment, these people are posted to go and work in different regions where the corporation operates. Sometime MNCs may send senior managers to go and coordinate their operations in different regions but recruit local people to work in the junior positions. This creates a very diverse working environment where every staff needs to be comfortable for them to give their best output. Thus creating an environment conducive for all workers is very important in such a setting. No group should be discriminated on any basis in the work place. The corporation needs to treat all the employees equally, irrespective of their race, sex, origin, or beliefs as a way of making every body wanted in the work place. The communication in the work place should be improved to ensure that all the workers are able to communicate with one another effectively despite their diversity. As Jacquelin e and Milton (2009) claim, the language that the leader uses to motivate employees is also very important (p.5). Sharbrough (2006) supports this view by arguing that motivating language is very important in all industries (p.22). Workers from different cultures should be encouraged to develop a sense of understanding and having mutual respect for one another. These will help them to live in harmony with one another in the work place thus creating an environment that enables them to maximize their productivity. Managers of the multicultural organizations ought to promote a culture of mutual respect, teamwork, productivity, and acceptance among its diverse employees.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This will help to increase contribution of every person towards achievement of goals and objectives of the organization. The corporation needs to recognize the strength of having a diverse workforce and put all the necessary efforts to maximize their potential. A multicultural leader needs s to balance the needs of the diverse employees and those of the organization. The leader ensures that all employees are treated with dignity and respect they deserve irrespective of their race, sex, origin, and beliefs. The balance is achieved as the managers desire to gain more knowledge and awareness of the diverse group they are leading. Increased knowledge and awareness enhance the understanding of the managers as they continue to learn more about different people they are working with. To enable them to work more effectively, the managers need also to address their personal beliefs, biases, and behaviors that are not in line with the creation of working environment that is value diverse. The y must be willing to move from personal view to professional view and support advocating for procedures and policies that reflect diversity. This will help them to address all inequalities that may be present within the corporation and create a working environment that is conducive for all employees. In this case, the corporation is operating in three countries that have diverse cultures. The cultures of Brazil, Australia, and India are different and if the corporation decides to move its managers from one country to another, they must be willing to embrace diversity for them to be effective in their leadership. Employees in these countries are very diverse, and unless leaders choose to treat all the employees without discrimination, they may not be in a position to maximize the potential in production. It is important for the corporation to recruit employees from all regions irrespective of their country of origin or race. The recruitment process needs to be transparent, fair, and equitable. This is equitability is attained by developing policies and procedures that will enhance diversity in the organization. The procedures should ensure that recruitment, job evaluation and promotion processes are done in a way that respects diversity within the organization. This will minimize cases of biasness in the work place, which will make all the employees comfortable and happy with the way processes are done. If the employees are not comfortable with processes of recruitment, evaluation, and promotion, they will not be willing to give their best to the organization. Many workers will be willing to work hard where they feel that their efforts are well recognized through fair process of job evaluation. If the promotions are not based on a fair evaluation but on other forms of bias such as racial, sex and beliefs, employees will not be willing to support leaders promoted through such process. This will reduce their motivation and hence their productivity in the corporat ion. Employees would like corporation to recruit and evaluate employees through procedures that have no unfair bias, stereotype, and prejudice. Any procedure that fall short of this requirement will not be acceptable among employees, which may end up lowering their morale. Thus, managers of this corporation need to ensure the right procedures and policies are established that will be applied in the countries where they are operating during the process of recruitment, job evaluation, and promotion. Rewarding workforce Rewarding and employees’ recognition are very important in every organization. As postulated by Anderfuhren, Varone, Giauque, and Ritz (2010) material benefits and appreciation can help to motivate employees in any organization (p.13). Employees both in local and global working environment are always motivated by rewards they get from the organization as well as recognizing their effort. According to Poornima (2009), monetary and non-monetary compensation are ver y necessary to retain workers in any organization (p.6). Corporations should look for ways of rewarding their workers for the work they are doing. As Dewhurst, Guthridge, Mohr (2010) contend, individual attention and praise will help to raise the morale of the employees (p.2). These will raise their morale and motivate them to give their best for the benefit of the corporation. These rewards comes in different forms such as bonuses, promotion, job leave and other ways of rewarding employees for the work they are doing. Corporations should come up with programs for recognizing and rewarding their employees as a way of motivating them in the work environment. These programs will enable employees to have fun and celebrate their success making them to appreciate themselves and the corporation they are working with. According to Obilade (2009), employees are also concerned about the performance of the organization they work for (p.9). This recognition programs may include celebrating ann iversary of the corporation after sometime, celebrating birthday of workers and recognition of workers who have shown good performance in their duty. Among the many programs available for accrediting an individual’s work, is peer recognition. This program will give workers power to reward their colleagues for the good work they have shown. Workers are more likely to support such a program because they will feel recognized and again they know the performance of each other well and who deserve to be recognized. Again, managers and supervisors are not around at all the time to know who is performing his or her duty more than the others are. Workers can even be told to nominate the person whom they feel deserve to be rewarded for his or her work. Actually, letting workers to select amongst themselves the one to receive a reward instills the feeling of usefulness as they feel involved in major issues and so they become part of the company. Such employee driven programs come in han dy as tools to motivating workers given that they (the programs) are easy to implement and run. After all, they will raise the morale of the employees to work hard to achieve simple rewards such as time off, movie ticket and other small gifts. Informal programs will work in any environment either locally or internationally. Chang, Chan, Gudmundsson, and Sawang (2011) argue that internalized motivation can create creativeness and corporation among the workers (p.9). Thus for the managers of the corporation to motivate their employees in the work place in all the branches where they are operating, they need to consider these programs. Informal programs will work even in very diverse environment such as multicultural environment since the employees who are choosing need to be rewarded and recognized in their work place. These programs will also help to eliminate any form of discrimination that may arise in such environment when managers and supervisors are choosing the employees to be rewarded or recognized. Understanding and counseling program It is the role of the organization managers to encourage and motivate their employees to attain higher goals. Van, Cees, Berens, and Dijkstra (2009) indicates that developing capabilities of employees is important in any organization (p.197). It is important for the managers to understand each employee is different and require motivational needs that are different. According Blaskova (2010), an individual approach is one of the best methods of motivating employees (p.9). The abilities of each worker are different and this should be understood even when their work is being evaluated. Understanding the strengths and weakness of each employee will help managers to know which job is appropriate for them and what can be done to improve their performance. This will require managers to go extra mile and understand his or her employees beyond work environment to help in meeting their motivational needs. The performance of employee is usually affected by the challenges they are experiencing in their personal life such as marital issues, financial crises and other issues that matters in their life. Thus, it is important for managers to understand their employees on a personal basis to know how to motivate them. Some challenges that workers are facing require counseling which organization can plan by looking for appropriate counselors to help them to overcome those challenges. This situation may be made worse in a diverse working environment like in MNCs where employees come from different background with more diverse challenges. Challenges expected Implementing these strategies in three countries that differ in many ways is not easy. According to Bodolica (2007) dealing with workers in a foreign country can be a great challenge to the managers due to their diversity (p.9). India, Brazil, and Australia are politically, economically, and culturally different. Corporation managers need be flexible when they are m otivating their workers in the three different countries. For instance, the three states are in different class economically where for instance Brazil and Australia are more developed compared with India. This means that the wage level in three countries will be the same. Brazil and Australia are more developed and their wage is high compared with India. India is a developing country where the cost of labor is cheap compared with that of the other countries and there the corporation has to come up with a compensation scheme that will motivate employees putting into consideration these differences. Secondly, the three countries have different cultures and managers have to ensure that these programs accommodate diverse employees. Creating a working environment that is conducive and diverse is not easy but necessary for the success of the corporation. Developing policy and procedures for ensuring equality requires managers to rise beyond their bias, prejudice, and stereotypes and use a professional approach that will motivate all the employees. Thirdly, implementing these programs may be expensive to the corporation as creating policies and procedures for eliminating any form of discrimination will require time and other resources. However as noted by Hardre and Reeve (2009), training of the managers will equip them with right skills to motivate their employees (p.65). Recommendations There is need for corporation to use an approach that is multidisciplinary for managers to motivate their employees more effectively. Here are some of the steps that managers need to apply in their effort to motivate their employees. Develop and implement proper policies and procedures that will create fairness and equality in the working environment. This will help to eliminate all forms of discrimination in the corporation. Ensure fairness in the recruitment, job evaluation, and promotion where employees will be recognized according to their performance and not on any other basis. Create rewarding and recognition schemes to appreciate employees who perform well in their job. Create a working environment that is conducive for all workers where all employees treat each other with respect and dignity irrespective of their differences. Create programs for understanding and counseling employees as way of meeting their motivational needs. Conclusion The managers of this MNC need to employ several strategies to motivate their employees to give their best. This may include rewarding and appreciating employees, equality in work place, counseling, and understanding employees among others. A diverse approach is also necessary in all the three countries to help improve performance of all workers. Recommendations given above also need to be implemented in all regions as way motivating workers to increase their out to the corporation. Understanding employees is a good strategy will help to solve their personal issues. Reference List Anderfuhren, S., Varone, F., Giauque, D . Ritz, A., 2010. Motivating Employees of the Public Sector: Does Public Service Motivation Matter? International  Public Management Journal, 13 (3), pp.213-246. Blaskova, M., 2010. Creative Proactive-Concluding Theory of Motivating.  Business: Theory Practice, 11, pp.39-48. Bodolica, V., 2007. Motivating Vietnamese Employees and Managers in an American Joint Venture: What a Challenge! Asian Case Research Journal, 11, pp.59-77. Chang, A., Chan, F., Gudmundsson, A., Sawang, S., 2011. Motivating Blue Collar Employees: A Case Study of the Chinese Workforce. Journal of  Asia-Pacific Business, 12, pp.69-85. Dewhurst, M., Guthridge, M., Mohr, E., 2010. Motivating People: Getting beyond Money. McKinsey Quarterly, 3 (6), pp.12-15. Hardre, P., Reeve, J., 2009. Training Corporate Managers to adopt a more Autonomy-Supportive Motivating Style toward Employees: An Intervention study. International Journal of Training Development, 13(3), pp.165-184. Honore, J., 2009. Employee Motivati on. Consortium Journal of Hospitality   Tourism, 14, pp.63-75. Jacqueline, M., Milton, M., 2009. The Role of Leader Motivating Language in Employee Absenteeism. Journal of Business Communication, 46 (4), pp.455-479. Longeneker, C., 2011. How the BEST motivate workers. Industrial Management, 53, pp.8-13. Maxwell, R., Knox, S., 2009. Motivating Employees to â€Å"Live the Brand†: A Comparative Case Study of Employer Brand Attractiveness within the Firm. Journal of Marketing Management, 25 (9), pp.893-907. Obilade, S., 2009. Motivating Downsizing Survivors in Small Businesses.  Southern Business Review, 34 (2), pp.19-35. Poornima, S. C., 2009. Motivating Through Satisfaction: An Ongoing Effort of HR in Organizations. ICFAI Journal of Management Research, 8 (5), pp.26-37. Sharbrough, W., 2006. Motivating Language in Industry. Journal of Business  Communication, 43 (4), pp.322-343. Van, M., Berens, G. Dijkstra, M., 2009. Stimulating Strategically Aligned Behavior among Em ployees. Journal of Management Studies, 46 (7), pp.1197-1226. Wegge, J., Van Dick, R., Fisher, G., Wecking, C. Moltzen, K., 2006. Work Motivation, Organizational Identification, and well-being in call centre work. Work Stress, 20 (1), pp.60-83. This report on The Performance of Workplace Management was written and submitted by user Bryant T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Amiable vs. Amicable

Amiable vs. Amicable Amiable vs. Amicable Amiable vs. Amicable By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between amiable and amicable? Their etymology is identical, but their senses are distinct. Amiable means â€Å"agreeable,† â€Å"friendly,† suggesting a person or an experience marked by a congenial personality or atmosphere: â€Å"He seems like the amiable sort†; â€Å"They were engaged in an amiable conversation.† The word ultimately derives from amicus, the Latin word for â€Å"friend,† which is related to amare, meaning â€Å"love.† (The latter term is the basis of amatory and amorous, both of which refer to sexual feelings.) Amicus itself was borrowed into English as a legal term; it is part of the phrase â€Å"amicus curiae† (sometimes shortened simply to amicus), which translates literally to â€Å"friend of the court† and refers to an individual or an organization that files an amicus brief or otherwise requests of a court the opportunity to weigh in about a legal issue. Amicus also survives in the Spanish word amigo, which means â€Å"friend† and is sometimes used as such in American English. Amicable means â€Å"peaceable, marked by goodwill, as in â€Å"We were relieved when we came to an amicable understanding about the issue.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?How to Punctuate Descriptions of Colors30 Words Invented by Shakespeare

Holistic - Concept Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Holistic - Concept Analysis - Essay Example The American Holistic Nurses’ Association (AHNA), 1994, explains health as â€Å"the maintenance of harmony and balance among body, mind, and spirit† (White, 2005, p.32). Through a process of continuous adaptation, the body endeavors to achieve balance or stability termed as ‘homeostasis’ among these factors. Internal physiological homeostasis is a balance of the body’s fluids. It is crucial for nurses to understand how the combining of all aspects of a person’s life help clients through healing processes. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper to undertake a concept analysis of the term ‘holistic’ through an integrated literature review, by identifying the attributes of the concept, and by illustrating the concept through a model case with supporting rationale. The Concept of ‘Holistic’ The holistic approach involves the whole picture. The Merriam-Webster (2011) dictionary defines holistic as concerned with whol es or complete systems rather than with the analysis, treatment, or separation into parts. Thus, holistic medicine relates to the treatment of both mind and body, while holistic ecology views humans and the environment as a single system. Further, the complete wholeness of something is much greater than the total sum of its component parts, and cannot be explained by examining each of its separate parts (Encyclo, 2011). The use of a holistic approach to treatment is gradually being used in combination with mainstream methods of patient care. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) established the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) to examine holistic modalities of treatment and patient care. According to the National Institutes of Health, holistic care takes into consideration the whole person â€Å"including physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects† (White, 2005, p.32). The main purpose of examining holistic care is to facilitate the integration of validated therapies into general patient care. The nurse using the holistic approach enables the patient to attain the optimal state for healing to take place. Further, as an instrument of healing, the holistic nurse healer facilitates the patient’s growth towards wholeness of mind, body and spirit. Holistic nursing calls for â€Å"deeper levels of commitment, compassion, love, and caring† (Dossey & Keegan, 2009, p.xv). According to Guzzetta (1998), holistic nursing is composed of caring, spiritualit, synchronicity, expanded consciousness, culture, environment and several other factors. Holistic care aims to heal the whole person using art and science to activate the innate healing potential within individuals, thus empowering the patient (Dunning, 2009). The Attributes that Define the Concept of ‘Holistic’ The holistic means of patient care that are used in nursing include biofeedback, exercise and movement, goal-setting, humor and laughte r, imagery, journaling, massage, play therapy, prayer, and therapeutic touch (White, 2005). The holistic model of nursing also has other attributes including a search for patterns and causes instead of treatment of symptoms of any disease; patient care is integrated and related to the entire patient, rather than specialized care. The emphasis is on human values rather than on efficiency (Dossey, 1997). Further, the nurse’s caring forms an essential component of healing; pain and disease are considered to be valuable signals of

Stat 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stat 2 - Assignment Example t decision making problems have multiple objectives that cannot be optimized simultaneously because of the conflicting nature of the objectives or goals. Goal programming is used to solve programming problems with several objective functions (goals) or constraints (Tanlamai, 2011). The linear problem below represents a goal programming problem, and also represents a non-linear programming problem whereby the program is defined by systems of equalities and inequalities (constraints) with real variables X1 and X2. Braaksma, A. J., Meesters, A. J., Klingenberg, W. W., & Hicks, C. C. (2012). A quantitative method for Failure Mode and Effects Analysis. International Journal Of Production Research, 50(23), 6904-6917. Lo, Q., & Chai, K. (2012). Quantitative analysis of quality management literature published in total quality management and business excellence (1996–2010). Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 23(5/6),

Zimbabwe’s Present (Post Z$) Economic Recovery Programmes Essay Example for Free

Zimbabwe’s Present (Post Z$) Economic Recovery Programmes Essay Introduction The beginning of 2009 marked the end of over a decade of economic decline in Zimbabwe. The economic indicators decline cut across all key sectors, despite Zimbabwe’s rich resource endowment. Inflation, initially at 100 percent annually between 2001 and 2006, increased to over 1500 percent (McIndoe, 2009). According to IMF estimates, real GDP growth recorded a cumulative contraction of 48% (nearly 5% per year) between 2000 and 2009. Agriculture value added contracted by 86% during the period 2002-2008. Gross national income per capita in 2008 was estimated to be US$360 (compared to sub-Saharan Africa average of US$1,428), making it one of the poorest countries in the world (African Development Bank, 2010). The poverty rate which was already on an increase since 1995 (42 percent) was recorded at 63 percent in 2003 and was estimated to be over 70 percent in 2010 (African Development Bank Group, 2011). According to the economic policy reform proposals announced by the coalition government formed in February 2009, other symptoms of the economic crises as negative GDP growth rates, low productivity capacity, loss of jobs in the formal sector, food shortages, massive deindustrialization and general despondency (STERP, 2009). This paper uses ‘developmental state theory’ as a basis of assessing economic reform policies proposed and currently being implemented by the Zimbabwe’s coalition government after the demise of the Zimbabwe dollar (Z$) in 2009. The paper considers STERP in March 2009, Medium Term Plan (MTP) in July 2010, and the Three Year Macro-economic Policy and Budget Framework 2010-2012 (STERP II) in the context of this economic theory with a view to assessing the extent to which they bring Zimbabwe closer to the key elements of a develop-mental state. This is taken from the premise on which these policies are anchored. For example, the sixth point in STERP says: â€Å"STERP is an emergency short term stabilization program, whose key goals are to stabilize the macro and micro-economy, recover the levels of savings, investment and growth, and lay the basis of a more transformative mid-term to long-term economic program that will turn Zimbabwe into a progressive developmental State,† STERP, 2009: point no. 6) The paper begins with a summary of the key elements of the economic reform proposals. It then looks at the key elements of a developmental state after which it assesses the extent to which Zimbabwe’s key reform proposals would enable it to meet the minimal requirements of a develop-mental state. The paper concludes by offering an assessment of the chances of success for the economic reform measures. Key elements of Zimbabwe’s economic reform measures All reform programs are anchored on economic stabilization, increasing productivity and turning Zimbabwe into a developmental state. In the key policy pronouncements announced in STERP (February 2009) and the Medium Term Plan, Government of Zimbabwe (GoZ) had two principal objectives. First, it set out to use domestic savings and foreign finance to carry out public investment projects and to mobilize and channel scarce resources into areas that can be expected to make the greatest contribution towards the realization of long term economic objectives. These include measures â€Å"to stabilize the macro and micro-economy, recover the levels of savings, investment and growth, and lay the basis for transformation from mid-term to long-term economic programs that will result in economic growth and reduction of poverty levels. In so doing, the reform programs, as espoused in article 3 of the September 2008 Global Political Agreement (GPA) seek to address the key issues of economic stabilization and national healing, whilst at the same time laying the foundation of a more comprehensive and developmental economic framework. The second is to ensure that economic policy (e.g. taxation, industrial licensing, the setting of tariffs and the manipulation of wages, interest rates and prices) stimulates direct and in some cases control private economic activity to ensure harmonious relationship between the desires of private business operators and the social objectives of government policy. Some of the key features of the policies include the adoption of a cash budgeting system; use of multiple currencies as legal tender and adoption of the rand as a reference currency; and the dismantling of foreign currency controls among other measures. Theoretical framework A starting point in exploring the theory of a developmental state is the ‘developmental state’ literature that gained currency following the phenomenal economic performance of the East Asian countries in the 1970s. Meredith Woo-Cumings (1999: 1) describes the theory of develop-mental state as the explanation for the East Asian industrialization. This theorizing represents one of the first attempts to integrate government and private sector decision making. Earlier theorists such as Downs (1957) had noted a trend in economic theorizing which treated government action as an exogenous variable determined by political considerations that lie outside the purview of economics. The earlier view represented a carryover from the classical premise that saw the business as a self regulating mechanism. Any government action beyond maintenance of law and order was seen as undesirable interference. Edigheji (2005) has analyzed a number of variations of the literature on the developmental state and notes two strands of theorizing. The first set of theories focus exclusively on the developmental goals of the state (e.g. Castells, 1992). These theories argue that state is developmental when it establishes as its principle of legitimacy its ability to promote and sustain development (understood as the combination of steady and high rates of economic growth and structural change in the productive system) both domestically and in its relationship with the international economy. Thus a developmental state is seen as one which is able and willing to create and sustain a policy climate that promotes development by fostering productive investment, exports, growth and human welfare (Ponk, in Edigheji, 2005). The second strand of theorizing looks beyond the objectives to focus on the institutional characteristics of the state and draws attention to the ideological character of the development state. Mkandawire (2001) has referred to this as the ‘state-structure nexus’ that enable the state to be able to achieve growth and development while others cannot. A premium thus has to be placed on the institutional/organizational configurations of the developmental state. This is primarily because what sets a developmental state apart from others is that not only is it able to clearly set its development objectives; it also establishes institutional structures in order to achieve the objectives. Locating the role of the state In this paper, a developmental state is defined by its objectives and its institutional characteristics. It is â€Å"one whose ideological underpinnings are developmental and one that seriously attempts to construct and deploy both administrative and political resources to the task of economic development† (Mkandawire, 2001:296). The role of the state needs to be clarified given the contradictory nature of the literature on the East Asian cases. Earlier theorizing initially conceived a developmental state in terms of the state imposing its will over society and suppressing civil society. Thus they argued that the developmental state paid no heed to the democratic aspect of the developmental state. This is partly because some scholars regarded the repressive nature of the state as one of the factors that enhanced its developmental capacity. For some scholars, the â€Å"soft authoritarian character† of the state was the source of its autonomy which spurred growth (e.g. Johnson, 1982, Wade, 1990). This is because a developmental state has existed in authoritarian Korea and Taiwan as well as in democratic Japan. In fact, Japan was the first East Asian state to be considered a developmental state (Bolesta, 2007:107). Despite the nature of government, in a ‘true developmental state, the bureaucratic rulers possess a particular kind of legitimacy that allows them to be much more experimental and undoctrinaire (accommodative of new ideas) than in the typical authoritarian regime’ (Johnson 1999: 52). However, Leftwich (1995: 405) has identified six major components that define the developmental state model. These are a determined developmental elite; relative autonomy; a powerful, competent and insulated bureaucracy; a weak and subordinated civil society; the effective management of non-state economic interests; and legitimacy and performance. The characterization of the democratic elements in Leftwich’s model closely mirrors the situation in Zimbabwe prior to 2009 and may not be helpful looking forward. Zimbabwe had an increasingly authoritarian governance style since the late 90s (Sachikonye, 2002) yet its economic policies saw a continuing decline in key economic indicators. In analyzing the economic reforms policies in Zimbabwe this paper therefore draws more from theories that have stressed the cooperative dynamism of the developmental state. For example, following a detailed analysis of the state’s relationship with business, Linda Weiss (1998: 258) came up with the concept of â€Å"governed interdependence† where she conceptualized that there are collaborative relationships between government and business in pursuit of transformative projects. She noted: â€Å"In this relationship, each party retains its independence, while government remains the ultimate arbiter of the rules and goals of interaction in which information is exchanged, resources are pooled and tasks shared,† (Weiss, 1998: 258). Zimbabwe’s neighbour, Botswana, is an illustration of a state that has pursued certain policies in the construction of what might be regarded as a â€Å"developmental state† i.e. a state that pursues policies that co-ordinates investment plans; has a national development vision- implying that the state is an entrepreneurial agent that engages in institution-building to promote growth and development; and†¦plays a role in domestic conflict management (Chang, 1999: 192-199). Assessment of Zim’s post Z$ economic reform policies The economic reform policy measures are assessed in relation to how the enhance Zimbabwe’s progress towards the attainment of ‘developmental state’ status. It is necessary to point at the onset that the key policy reform measures announced by the GoZ have been formulated and are being carried out within the framework of a mixed economy i.e. some of the productive resources are privately owned and operated while some are controlled by the public sector. As Todaro and Smith (2010) have noted, the mere existence of such an institutional setup means that neither the private nor the public sector can be considered in isolation from each other. This acknowledgement of the interdependent role of the state and business is one of the few positive outcomes (discussed later) of the reform measures. However, a number of factors in the policy measures do not meet the minimal elements required for the country to attain development state status. These include the lack of a clearly and coordinated role of State institutions and weak premises for global re-engagement, both of which are critical for the success of the economic reform measures. Unclear role of the State According to the MTP (2010), the policy measures seek to â€Å"establish a platform for Zimbabwe to emerge as a vibrant Private Sector driven economy that is growing and transforming from a producer of primary products to a producer of diversified manufactured quality products laying the foundation of a competitive global player.† The State will thus â€Å"provide a conductive policy environment that will ignite Private Sector initiatives, entrepreneurship as well as promote a saving and investment culture.† This statement sounds noble but there is nothing that has been said about coordinating the role of the many state players in the economic reform measures. The Ministry of Economic Planning is coordinating 13 sectors in a framework that in reality has shown to be independent of the other key ministries such as the Youth, Indigenization and Empowerment ministry, the Mines Ministry and the Local government ministries, to cite but a few. The country’s indigenization policy, supervised by the youth ministry, has been viewed as a threat to foreign investment in the nation. Whilst government has made assertions about the enforcement of the Act, several transactions have been concluded which show inconsistency in policy implementation. A case in point is government ‘sale of above 50% of its shareholding in Ziscosteel to Essar Energy in Mauritius in 2010 despite the conditions of the Act, which state that 51% of all businesses must be indigenously owned. (IH Securities, 2011) Exacerbating this lack of coordination is the past record of State regulation which has in the past failed to facilitating a conducive environment for business by sections of the previous government. This has the effect of promoting rent-seeking behaviours and corruption in both government and the private sector. International financial institutions have noted this as a hindrance to the success of the economic reform measures. For example, in statement at the Conclusion of the 2011 Article IV Consultation Mission to Zimbabwe (IMF, 2011) the IMF noted that while â€Å"stronger policies, a favorable external environment, and sizeable off-budget donor grants supported a nascent economic recovery and a notable improvement in the humanitarian situation during 2009-10,† the â€Å"macroeconomic outlook for 2011 remains highly uncertain,† (IMF, 2011). The IMF cites among other things, an inefficient composition of public expenditure, persistent financial sector vulnerabilities, and weaknesses in the business climate, including the recently announced fast track indigenization of the mining sector. The State, which prior to the coalition government had become an arena for private capital accumulation, cannot extricate itself from excessive private sector regulation which has, in some cases, resulted in the violation of private property rights. A recent example of these excesses is the recent case that will be heard in the International Court in Paris. The case involves the GoZ and South Africa based Amari Platinum following the former’s cancellation of joint mining ventures in 2010. The South African company had invested over $35 million into the project where it partnered the Zimbabwe Mining Development Corporation. According to media reports, the company is demanding compensation of $200 million, (Sunday Times, October 9th 2011). Autonomy, which is a crucial element that supports growth in a developmental state, means the ability of the state to behave as a coherent collective actor capable of identifying and implementing developmental goals (Edigheji, 2005).There is therefore need for structural reforms. These would include alignment of indigenization and empowerment objectives with respect for private property rights and the need to attract domestic and foreign investment. While these recommendations appear individually, they point to the failure by the reform policies to clearly spell out the role of the State in the economic reform process. Crucially, and related to the role of the State, is the fact that there has not been any systematic attempt to elaborate the concept of the developmental state in Zimbabwe. Besides passing reference in the objectives of all plans, government has not specified the sources of its capacity, other than regular lamentation about the need to build the skills capacities of the public sector. Thus crucial institutional elements that would enable the developmental state to act in a coherent fashion and, on that basis, successfully engage with its social partners have been either taken for granted at best or ignored at worst. Weak to zero premises for global re-integration The policy measures recognize the level of debt currently besetting the country and its impact on badly needed financial inflows, yet it is not clear how this debt will be cleared. According to the MTP: â€Å"the success story that Zimbabwe is becoming will in itself unlock other sources of funds. The few investments funds already in the country will soon become a multitude. Investors like a place where a dollar can be made and Zimbabwe provides such an opportunity.† This in itself sounds like a work of faith. Whilst trust plays a crucial role in policy implementation, the assumption that only success can unlock lines of credit and provides a stimulus for the productive sector is not based on evidence. The huge debt which will result in high future taxes if the country’s major sectors of the economy do not increase their operating capacity against a background of inadequate foreign aid. It could be that it is a carrot in the stick for those elements of government that are likely to derail reforms, yet experience in the past has shown that it is not success that drives politicians, but the ability to create and generate enough wealth prior to the next elections. Reducing poverty under such policies becomes a farfetched dream that will not be recognized. There is need to strengthen internal revenue generation and collection in areas such as tourism, agriculture and mining to finance internal and external debt while also providing resources f or the productive sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing. Alternatively, the country could attain Highly Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) status to enable international debt relief. The experience of Zambia shows that total external debt reduced significantly by 8.9 percent from US$7.12 billion in 2001 to US$6.49 billion in 2002 as a result of the HIPC Initiative (Zulu, 2003). HIPC status could be tied in with the strengthening of open trade policies. Despite being a signatory to numerous trade pacts, Zimbabwe has maintained numerous import controls as reflected by the high tariffs relative to other countries in the region (Hurungo, 2010). The country’s reluctance to reduce tariffs is due to its over reliance on the revenue generated (Biti, 2010) Economic literature on the relationship between restrictive or open trade policies and economic progress has been inconclusive. Multilateral institutions such as the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) regularly promulgate advice predicated on the belief that openness gener ates predictable and positive consequences for growth. According to the IMF, for instance, â€Å"policies toward foreign trade are among the more important factors promoting economic growth and convergence in developing countries,† (IMF, 1997:84). This view is supported by a vast array of literature on trade. For example, Stiglitz (1998:36) noted that â€Å"most specifications of empirical growth regressions find that some indicators of external openness- whether trade ratios or indices or price distortions or average tariff level- is strongly association with per-capita income growth.† Others have made similar observations noting that â€Å"integration into the world economy is the best way for countries to grow,† (Fischer, 2000). Thus Zimbabwe’s strategic reintegration with traditional trade partners could spur growth if value addition is considered for some export products. History has shown that there is no positive relationship between exports and growth in Zimbabwe. For much of the period when Zimbabwe experienced negative growth rates (between 1997 and 2009), it experienced a trade surplus with South Africa, the European Union and the United States (ZimTrade, 2009). Such trade surpluses need to be tapped into in a new economic and political environment fostered by the coalition government so as to spur economic growth and equity. However, there is no acknowledgement of these facts. Stabilization as a success story It should be noted that a significant proportion of the policy measures have had a positive effect- which has resulted in economic stabilization. The adoption of multiple (excluding the Zimbabwe dollar) had the immediate impact of eliminating hyperinflation. Annual inflation declined from an official figure of 231 million in July 2008 to 0.5 percent in December 2009 and 3.5 percent in July 2011, according to the Central Statistical Office (CSO). According to the IMF (April 2011), the Governing Board of the RBZ (which was appointed in May 2010) has achieved a significant improvement in central bank governance, reporting, and organizational restructuring although further steps are needed to accelerate financial restructuring of the financially-distressed RBZ. There was also a significant improvement in product availability in retail and wholesale outlets, with capacity utilization having markedly improved which also witnessed an improvement in the performance of the overall economy. For instance, in 2009 the economy was estimated to have grown by 5.7 percent and the average for SADC was 2.4 percent and 2 percent for Sub-Saharan Africa. While this stabilization, within the theoretical framework of the developmental state, can be seen as progress, it is easy to see that the economic decline had hit rock bottom and the desire is to bring levels of productivity to 2000 levels. The World Bank has estimated that it will take another decade with a growth rate of 10 percent per annum to bring rates to 2000 levels. In June, the IMF said Zimbabwean growth is set to slow sharply in 2011and the countrys recovery from a decade-long deep economic contraction remained fragile (IMF, 2011). An IMF review of Zimbabwes economy projected that economic growth would drop to 5.5 percent in 2011 from 9.0 percent in 2010. It said the country was in debt distress with a large unsustainable external debt stock of 118 percent of gross domestic product as of the end of 2010, the bulk of which was in arrears. Conclusion This paper has provided a framework for understanding Zimbabwe’s economic reform policies within the framework of a developmental state. Though not exhaustive, the developmental state has been defined based on its institutional attributes of being autonomous and coherent. In addition, the developmental state is one that forges broad-based alliances with society and ensures popular participation in the governance and transformation processes. Elements of the Washington Consensus and other classical economic theory have been brought to bear on previous economic reform programs and there is evidence that these continue in current reform policies. The classical theories do not take into account the unique circumstances of a country, especially the different types of government. In spite of the type of government, a developmental state is guided by the goals of coherence and authoritative governance, accountability, inclusiveness, stability, ability to generate consensus and popular participation- none of which are visible in Zimbabwe’s political and economic outlook. Much of the work towards the attainment of a developmental state hinge on Zimbabwe providing and implementing a clear definition of the role of the key players- the state, private sector and civil society- in the proposed economic reform measures. Other measures include forging a clear partnerships with local and international players- with parameters of engagement with the latter based on realistic economic policy measures as well as an engagement path that takes into consideration Zimbabwe’s trade surplus with the major international economic blocks such as the European Union, SADC and the United States. Without this, as seen in current reform policies the chances of success of the reform measures are limited. References African Development Bank Group, 2011, Infrastructure and Growth in Zimbabwe- An Action Plan for Sustained Strong Economic Growth, Tunis, Tunisia African Development Bank Group, 2010, Zimbabwe Country Brief, Regional Department, South Region A, January 2010. 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